Thatta Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Pakistan

Summer (April – October)

Thatta’s summer is characterized by intense heat, with temperatures regularly exceeding 40 degrees Celsius. The humidity levels can also be high, making the air feel muggy and oppressive. The summer months receive little rainfall, and the skies are often clear and sunny. The average maximum temperature in July, the hottest month, is 35.9 degrees Celsius, while the average minimum temperature is 27.4 degrees Celsius.

Winter (November – March)

In contrast to the sweltering summers, Thatta’s winter is mild and pleasant. Temperatures typically range between 10 and 25 degrees Celsius. The humidity levels are also lower during this time, making the air feel cooler and more comfortable. Rainfall is more common during the winter months, although it is still relatively light. The average maximum temperature in January, the coldest month, is 22.2 degrees Celsius, while the average minimum temperature is 10.8 degrees Celsius.

Average Temperature in Thatta, Pakistan

Thatta, a city in Pakistan’s southern Sindh province, experiences a warm climate throughout the year. The average annual temperature in Thatta is around 26°C (79°F). During the summer months (April-September), temperatures can soar to a maximum of 40°C (104°F), with average temperatures hovering around 32-35°C (90-95°F). However, the nights can offer respite, with temperatures dipping to a minimum of around 25°C (77°F).

In the winter months (October-March), temperatures in Thatta remain relatively mild. The average winter temperature ranges from 15-20°C (59-68°F). Even during the coldest months of December and January, temperatures rarely drop below 10°C (50°F), making the winters generally pleasant and comfortable. The diurnal temperature variation during winter is also significant, with daytime temperatures reaching a maximum of around 25°C (77°F) and nighttime temperatures falling to a minimum of around 10°C (50°F).

Formation of Clouds in Thatta, Pakistan

Thatta, a coastal district in Pakistan, experiences a variety of cloud formations due to its unique geographic location and climatic conditions. The Arabian Sea to the south provides a constant source of moisture, while the prevailing southwest monsoon winds during the summer months carry this moisture inland. As the moist air rises over the land, it cools and condenses to form clouds. The region’s high temperatures and humidity also contribute to the formation of thick, cumulonimbus clouds, which can bring heavy rainfall and thunderstorms.

Types of Clouds Observed in Thatta, Pakistan

The most common cloud formations observed in Thatta include cumulus, stratus, and cirrus clouds. Cumulus clouds appear as puffy, white clouds with flat bases, and they are often associated with fair weather. Stratus clouds are uniform, gray clouds that cover the entire sky, and they can produce drizzle or light rain. Cirrus clouds are thin, wispy clouds that appear high in the atmosphere and are made of ice crystals. They often indicate fair weather and can be seen even at night due to their altitude. In addition to these types, clouds known as nimbostratus clouds, which are thick, dark clouds that bring steady rain, are also prevalent in Thatta.

Seasonal Precipitation Patterns

Thatta, Pakistan experiences distinct seasonal variations in precipitation. The monsoon season, typically lasting from July to September, brings heavy rainfall to the region. During this period, Thatta receives the majority of its annual precipitation, as the moisture-laden winds from the Arabian Sea converge over the area. The annual average precipitation during the monsoon season is approximately 500 mm (20 inches). In contrast, the winter months (December to February) are relatively dry, with little to no rainfall occurring. The spring and fall seasons (March to May and October to November) experience moderate rainfall, with monthly averages ranging from 20 to 50 mm (0.8 to 2 inches).

Extreme Rainfall Events

Thatta is prone to extreme rainfall events, particularly during the monsoon season. These events can lead to flooding and other severe weather conditions. In recent years, Thatta has experienced several heavy rain episodes that have caused widespread damage and disruption. For instance, in 2022, the region received over 600 mm (24 inches) of rainfall in a single week, resulting in severe flooding that affected thousands of people. Extreme rainfall events in Thatta are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change, posing significant challenges for local communities and infrastructure.

Historical Rainfall Patterns
Thatta, Pakistan, located in the southern region of Sindh, has experienced varying levels of rainfall throughout its history. During the monsoon season, which typically lasts from July to September, the city receives the majority of its annual precipitation. Records indicate that Thatta has historically received an average annual rainfall of around 200 millimeters (8 inches). However, there have been significant variations from year to year, with some years receiving as low as 100 millimeters (4 inches) and others receiving over 300 millimeters (12 inches).

Recent Trends and Impacts
In recent decades, Thatta has witnessed changes in its rainfall patterns. The city has experienced both extended periods of drought and intense rainfall events. For instance, during the 2015-2016 monsoon season, the city received record-breaking rainfall, causing severe flooding. Conversely, in 2019, Thatta experienced a prolonged drought that lasted for several months, resulting in water shortages and crop failures. These extreme weather events have had significant impacts on the lives of the local population, particularly those engaged in agriculture, which is the main source of livelihood for many in the region.

Historical Snowfall Event

On January 17, 2023, Thatta, a coastal town in Pakistan’s southern Sindh province, experienced an unprecedented snowfall. The heavy snowfall blanketed the town and surrounding areas, creating a surreal winter wonderland. It was the first time in history that snow had accumulated in this region, which typically experiences warm, dry winters. The snowfall caused widespread excitement and awe among the locals, who had never witnessed such a phenomenon before.

Impact and Consequences

The snowfall in Thatta had significant impacts on the town and its inhabitants. Transportation was disrupted as roads became impassable due to the thick snow. Schools and businesses were closed, and residents were confined to their homes. Many roads and bridges were damaged by the weight of the snow, and power outages affected several areas. The sudden and unexpected snowfall also posed challenges for agriculture and livestock, as crops and grazing lands were covered in snow. Farmers and herders faced difficulties in providing food and shelter for their animals. Furthermore, the cold temperatures and lack of heating systems in many homes resulted in health concerns, particularly among the elderly and vulnerable populations.

Sun in Thatta

Thatta is a city in the Sindh province of Pakistan, known for its rich cultural heritage and historical significance. The city enjoys an abundance of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of over 300 sunny days annually. The average temperature in Thatta ranges from 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit) in the winter to 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit) in the summer, making it an ideal destination for those seeking warmth and sunshine.

During the summer months, the sun in Thatta can be intense, with UV levels reaching very high levels. It is important for visitors to take precautions to protect themselves from the sun’s harmful rays, such as wearing sunscreen, sunglasses, and a hat. Despite the intense heat, the sun in Thatta also offers opportunities for outdoor activities and relaxation, such as sunbathing on the beach or enjoying a meal in a shaded outdoor area.

Flood of 2022

The Moon of Thatta, Pakistan was submerged in the devastating flood of 2022, which swept through the country from June to August. The flood waters inundated the entire area, reaching heights of up to 12 feet in some places. The iconic mosque, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was submerged for several days, causing significant damage to its structure and interior. The flood also damaged or destroyed homes, businesses, and infrastructure in the surrounding area, leaving thousands of people homeless and without basic necessities.

Restoration and Recovery

Following the flood, the government of Pakistan and various international organizations launched efforts to restore the Moon of Thatta and the surrounding area. The mosque was painstakingly cleaned and repaired, and its interior was restored to its former glory. The flood victims were provided with shelter, food, and medical care, and efforts were made to rebuild homes and infrastructure. However, the recovery process was slow and challenging, as many people had lost everything they owned. The floods also had a significant impact on the local economy, as many people were unable to work or resume their businesses.

Humidity Levels in Thatta

Thatta, a coastal city in Pakistan, experiences moderate to high humidity levels throughout the year. The annual average humidity is around 65%, with significant fluctuations based on the season and time of day. During the monsoon season (July-September), humidity levels often exceed 80%, creating a hot and muggy atmosphere. On the other hand, during the winter months (December-February), humidity levels can drop to around 50%, resulting in cooler and drier conditions.

Impact of Humidity on Local Environment and Health

The high humidity levels in Thatta have a noticeable impact on the local environment and the health of its residents. The constant moisture in the air promotes the growth of mold and mildew, which can damage buildings and structures. Additionally, high humidity can exacerbate respiratory conditions such as asthma and allergies. During the monsoon season, the oppressive humidity can lead to heat exhaustion and other heat-related illnesses. To mitigate the effects of humidity, residents often use air conditioners or dehumidifiers in their homes.

Wind Patterns

Thatta experiences a complex wind pattern influenced by its coastal location and proximity to the Arabian Sea. During the summer months, the southwest monsoon brings moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean, resulting in strong gusts and occasional heavy rainfall. These winds can be particularly strong along the coastal areas, contributing to the formation of sand dunes and influencing the local vegetation.

Wind Energy Potential

The strong and consistent winds in Thatta make it a promising location for wind energy generation. The area has been identified as a potential hub for wind farms, which could harness the abundant wind resources to produce clean, renewable energy. Several wind farms are already in operation, and others are planned, aiming to contribute to Pakistan’s ambitious renewable energy goals. The development of wind energy projects not only generates electricity but also creates jobs and stimulates economic growth in the region.

Autumn and Spring (October-April):

Thatta experiences pleasant weather during autumn and spring, making it an ideal time to visit. Daytime temperatures average between 15-25°C (59-77°F), offering comfortable conditions for exploring the city’s historical monuments and outdoor attractions. The reduced humidity levels provide a refreshing ambiance, allowing visitors to enjoy long walks and scenic views. Additionally, the autumn and spring seasons offer vibrant foliage and blooming flowers, adding an aesthetic charm to the city’s architecture and surroundings.

Summer (May-September):

Thatta’s summer months are characterized by hot and humid weather, with daytime temperatures often exceeding 40°C (104°F). While it can be challenging to spend extended periods outdoors, the evenings offer some respite as temperatures cool down slightly. The summer season is less crowded than other times of the year, providing a more intimate experience for those willing to brave the heat. Visitors should take necessary precautions to stay hydrated and protect themselves from the sun, such as wearing appropriate clothing and sunscreen.

Potential and Feasibility

Thatta, Pakistan, offers significant potential for solar energy harnessing due to its abundant sunshine and favorable climatic conditions. The district receives an average of 7.5 peak sunshine hours per day, providing ample opportunities for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Furthermore, the flat and barren terrain facilitates the installation of large-scale solar farms. Economic feasibility studies indicate that solar PV projects can generate substantial cost savings and reduce carbon emissions while contributing to the energy security of the region.

Current Status and Initiatives

Despite its potential, the exploitation of solar energy in Thatta is still in its early stages, with only a few small-scale solar projects in operation. Recognizing the district’s potential, the government of Pakistan has initiated several programs to promote solar energy development. These programs provide incentives such as tax exemptions and concessional financing to encourage private investment in solar projects. Additionally, the government plans to establish a 100-megawatt solar park in Thatta, further boosting the district’s solar energy capacity and attracting investors.

Indus Delta:

The Indus Delta, a vast expanse of fertile plains, dominates the topography of Thatta district. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of the mighty Indus River as it enters the Arabian Sea. The deltaic region is characterized by a flat and low-lying landscape with a network of channels, distributaries, and creeks. The dominant soil type is clayey, with seasonal flooding and waterlogging being common occurrence during the monsoon season. The Indus Delta is agriculturally important, supporting a significant portion of the local population’s livelihood through farming and fishing.

Makli Hills:

Amidst the flat plains of Thatta, the Makli Hills rise as a prominent geological formation. These hills are composed primarily of limestone and sandstone and date back to the Eocene epoch. The hills are renowned for their extensive necropolis, with over a million tombs and graves belonging to various eras of Thatta’s history. The Makli Hills offer panoramic views of the surrounding landscape and are considered a cultural and historical landmark of significance. The tombs, with their intricate carvings and architectural styles, reflect the region’s rich historical heritage and attract visitors from far and wide.

Jinnah International Airport

The nearest airport to Thatta, Pakistan, is Jinnah International Airport (JIAP), located in Karachi, approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) northeast of Thatta. JIAP is the largest and busiest airport in Pakistan, handling both domestic and international flights. It serves as a major hub for several airlines, including Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), Emirates, Etihad Airways, and Qatar Airways. JIAP offers direct flights to various destinations within Pakistan, as well as direct connections to major international cities such as Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Doha, and London. The airport is easily accessible from Thatta by road, with a drive time of approximately 1-1.5 hours.

Alternative Airports

While Jinnah International Airport is the closest airport to Thatta, there are alternative airports that may be considered depending on flight availability and travel preferences. One option is Moenjodaro Airport (MJD), located approximately 110 kilometers (68 miles) north of Thatta. MJD is a smaller airport that primarily serves domestic flights operated by PIA. Another option is Shahbaz Air Base (SBZ), located approximately 120 kilometers (75 miles) south of Thatta. SBZ is a military air base that occasionally handles civilian flights, but flight schedules and availability may be limited. It is advisable to check with the respective airlines and airport authorities for up-to-date information on flight schedules and availability before making travel arrangements.

Historical and Cultural Importance:

Thatta, located in the south of Pakistan, is renowned for its rich historical and cultural heritage. It was once the capital of the Sindh province during the Mughal Empire. The city is home to numerous historical landmarks, including the Shah Jahan Mosque, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The mosque, built in the 1640s, is renowned for its exquisite architectural details and intricate tile work. Thatta was also a major center of Sufi Islam, and it boasts many shrines and tombs of famous saints.

Modern-Day Significance:

While Thatta’s historical importance is undisputed, the city also plays a significant role in modern-day Pakistan. It is a transportation hub, with the Karachi-Lahore highway passing through. Thatta is also an agricultural center, with a large portion of the population engaged in farming. The city has a thriving cottage industry, specializing in handicrafts such as pottery, embroidery, and woodworking. Additionally, Thatta is renowned for its traditional music and folk art, which are an integral part of its cultural fabric.