Tenggarong Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Indonesia
Monthly Temperature and Precipitation
Tenggarong experiences a tropical rainforest climate with consistent temperatures throughout the year, averaging around 26-28°C (79-82°F). The hottest months are March and April, with temperatures reaching a maximum of around 30°C (86°F). During the rainy season, which occurs from October to May, heavy rainfall is common, with an average annual precipitation of around 2,500 mm (98.4 in). The wettest month is December, when rainfall can exceed 300 mm (11.8 in).
Seasonal Patterns
The dry season in Tenggarong lasts from June to September. During this time, rainfall is minimal, and the humidity decreases, making for more pleasant weather. However, smog and haze can be a problem during this season due to forest fires in the surrounding area. The rainy season brings frequent heavy downpours and increased humidity, which can make it feel even hotter than usual. The transition months between the dry and rainy seasons, April and October, often bring thunderstorms and squalls.
Annual Average Temperature
Tenggarong, Indonesia has a consistently warm and humid climate throughout the year. The average temperature remains relatively stable, ranging between 26 to 28 degrees Celsius (79 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit). The warmest months are typically April and May, while the slightly cooler months are December and January. During these cooler months, the temperatures can dip slightly below 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit) at night. However, extreme temperature fluctuations are rare in Tenggarong, ensuring a comfortable climate all year round.
Seasonal Variations
Tenggarong experiences two distinct seasons: a wet season and a dry season. The wet season spans from October to May, bringing heavy rainfall and occasional thunderstorms. During this time, the humidity levels rise, making the air feel even warmer. The dry season, on the other hand, lasts from June to September and is characterized by less rainfall and lower humidity. As a result, the temperatures tend to be slightly higher during the dry season, with daytime temperatures sometimes exceeding 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit). However, the nights remain relatively cool, providing a respite from the daytime heat.
Types of Clouds in Tenggarong
The skies above Tenggarong showcase a diverse array of cloud formations, each with its unique characteristics and implications for the weather. Among the most common cloud types observed in the region are:
Cumulus clouds: These puffy, cotton-like clouds appear during fair weather and are typically associated with stable atmospheric conditions. Cumulus clouds often indicate calm winds and low humidity, making them a welcome sight on a clear day.
Cirrus clouds: These thin, wispy clouds are composed of ice crystals and are found high in the atmosphere. Cirrus clouds are often translucent and appear as delicate streaks in the sky. They usually indicate fair weather and stable atmospheric conditions.
Impact of Clouds on Weather in Tenggarong
The presence of clouds has a significant impact on the weather patterns in Tenggarong. Cumulus clouds, while generally associated with fair weather, can develop into larger and more threatening formations, such as cumulonimbus clouds, which bring heavy rain, thunderstorms, and lightning.
Cirrus clouds, on the other hand, often indicate the approach of a weather front. As the clouds thicken and become more prominent, they can bring changes in temperature, humidity, and wind patterns, signaling an impending change in weather conditions.
Annual Precipitation
Tenggarong, a city situated in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, experiences substantial annual precipitation, averaging around 2,500 to 3,000 millimeters. The wet season extends from October to April, with December and January typically receiving the highest rainfall. During this period, heavy downpours and thunderstorms are common, contributing significantly to the annual precipitation totals. The dry season, from May to September, brings decreased precipitation, although occasional showers and drizzle may occur.
Seasonal Variability and Extreme Events
The seasonal variability of precipitation in Tenggarong is strongly influenced by the monsoon system. During the wet season, the prevailing winds originate from the northwest, bringing moisture-laden air from the Indian Ocean. These winds converge at the foothills of the nearby Muller Mountains, resulting in orographic uplift and subsequent rainfall. Extreme rainfall events are not uncommon during this season, with thunderstorms capable of producing torrential downpours that can cause flooding and landslides. In contrast, during the dry season, the winds shift to the southeast, bringing drier air from the Australian continent, leading to reduced precipitation.
Rainfall Patterns
Tenggarong, Indonesia experiences a tropical monsoon climate characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season typically spans from October to May, and the dry season from June to September. During the wet season, heavy rainfall is common, with an average monthly precipitation exceeding 200 millimeters. The months of December and January generally receive the highest rainfall, averaging close to 300 millimeters or more.
Variability and Trends
The annual rainfall in Tenggarong exhibits significant variability, influenced by factors such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). During El Niño events, rainfall tends to be below average, while the opposite is true during La Niña events. The IOD also affects rainfall patterns, with positive phases associated with increased rainfall and negative phases with decreased rainfall. Long-term trends indicate a slight increase in annual rainfall over the past few decades, which may be attributed to the combined effects of climate change and land-use changes.
Unusual Snowfall in Tenggarong
On June 28, 2021, the town of Tenggarong in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, experienced an unusual phenomenon: snowfall. This occurred against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, making it an even more remarkable event. Snow fell for approximately 30 minutes, covering the ground and vegetation with a thin layer. While snow is not unprecedented in Indonesia’s mountainous regions, it is highly unusual in low-lying areas such as Tenggarong, which is located near the coast.
The snowfall was attributed to a combination of factors, including unusually cold temperatures and high humidity. A cold front had moved over the region, bringing with it cold and dry air. The air then encountered a layer of warm and humid air, creating the necessary conditions for snow formation. The snowfall caused widespread surprise and excitement among the local population, who had never witnessed snow in their town before. Social media was flooded with photos and videos of the snow, as people documented this extraordinary event.
Sunrise and Sunset in Tenggarong
Tenggarong, located in the province of East Kalimantan, Indonesia, experiences the beauty of sunrise and sunset at different times throughout the year due to its equatorial location. Generally, the sun rises around 6:00 AM and sets around 6:00 PM, with slight variations during the solstices. The sky transforms into a canvas of vibrant colors during these celestial events, painting the horizon with hues of orange, pink, and purple.
Influence of Weather on Sunrise and Sunset
The weather significantly influences the visibility and aesthetics of sunrise and sunset in Tenggarong. On clear days, the sun’s rays penetrate the atmosphere with ease, creating breathtaking displays of golden hues. However, during rainy seasons or hazy conditions, the sun may be obscured or veiled, resulting in muted colors and reduced visibility. Despite these occasional weather variations, Tenggarong still offers stunning views of sunrise and sunset, enchanting visitors with its natural beauty.
Visibility and Observation
The moon is visible in Tenggarong, Indonesia, throughout the month, with varying degrees of illumination depending on the phase of the lunar cycle. During the new moon, it is completely invisible, while during the full moon, it appears as a bright, white disk. The best time to observe the moon is typically during the evenings and early mornings, when it is high in the sky and offers optimal viewing conditions.
Cultural Significance
In Tenggarong, the moon plays a significant role in cultural and religious practices. The Kutai people, who have inhabited the region for centuries, have a close connection to the moon and its cycles. They believe that the moon influences human behavior, health, and well-being. Additionally, the moon is used as a calendar, with specific phases marking cultural festivals and ceremonies. The full moon is often associated with celebrations, while the new moon is seen as a time for reflection and renewal.
Humidity Levels
Tenggarong, Indonesia, experiences high humidity levels throughout the year, with an average humidity ranging from 80% to 90%. The high humidity is primarily due to the city’s tropical rainforest climate, characterized by abundant rainfall and warm temperatures. During the rainy season, from October to April, humidity levels can soar above 90%, creating a muggy and uncomfortable atmosphere. In contrast, the dry season, from May to September, brings slightly lower humidity levels, but they still remain in the high range.
Impact of Humidity
The high humidity levels in Tenggarong can have significant effects on individuals and daily life. Extended exposure to high humidity can lead to heat exhaustion and dehydration, especially during strenuous activities or prolonged outdoor exposure. It can also exacerbate respiratory problems, such as asthma and allergies, as the moisture can trap allergens and irritants in the air. Additionally, high humidity can affect clothing and fabrics, causing them to feel damp and uncomfortable. It can also encourage the growth of mold and mildew, which can damage buildings and other structures.
Wind Speed and Direction
Tenggarong, Indonesia, experiences consistent wind patterns throughout the year. The average wind speed typically ranges between 10 to 15 kilometers per hour (6 to 9 miles per hour). The predominant wind direction is from the northeast, particularly during the dry season (May to October). This northeasterly wind, known locally as the “Samarinda” wind, brings relatively cool and dry air from the interior of Borneo.
Seasonal Variations
During the wet season (November to April), the prevailing wind direction shifts slightly to the northwest. This change is influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which brings moist air from the Pacific Ocean. The wind speed during this period tends to increase slightly, averaging around 15 to 20 kilometers per hour (9 to 12 miles per hour). However, it is not uncommon to experience occasional strong gusts during thunderstorms.
Optimal Season:
The most favorable time to explore Tenggarong is during the dry season, which typically runs from April to October. During this period, the skies are mostly clear, and rainfall is minimal, providing ideal conditions for outdoor activities, sightseeing, and boat excursions along the Mahakam River. Temperatures are generally pleasant, with average highs ranging from 28 to 32 degrees Celsius. The humidity levels are also lower, making it more comfortable to wander around and enjoy the city’s attractions.
Year-Round Climate:
Tenggarong experiences a tropical climate, characterized by warm temperatures throughout the year. Even during the wet season, from November to March, rainfall is mostly intermittent, and there are often periods of sunshine. While the humidity can be higher during the wet season, it is not as oppressive as in other tropical destinations. However, if you prefer to avoid potential rainfall, it’s best to plan your visit during the dry season. It’s always advisable to check the weather forecast before your trip to be prepared for any possible changes.
Solar Energy Potential in Tenggarong, Indonesia
Tenggarong, Indonesia possesses abundant solar energy potential due to its equatorial location and tropical climate. The region receives an average of 5.5 kWh/m2 of solar irradiance per day, making it suitable for photovoltaic (PV) systems. Furthermore, the relatively high humidity levels in Tenggarong enhance the performance of PV panels, as moisture helps reduce module temperatures and increase efficiency.
Challenges and Opportunities for Solar Energy Development
While Tenggarong has substantial solar energy potential, several challenges need to be addressed to facilitate its development. One significant obstacle is the high cost of PV systems, which can deter widespread adoption. Additionally, the intermittent nature of solar energy poses challenges for grid integration and requires energy storage solutions. However, the Indonesian government’s commitment to renewable energy and increasing demand for sustainable energy sources present opportunities for solar energy development in Tenggarong. Government incentives and funding can help reduce investment costs, and advances in battery technology can address energy storage concerns. By harnessing its abundant solar resources, Tenggarong can contribute to Indonesia’s renewable energy goals and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.
Mountains and Hills
Tenggarong, located in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, is a city situated in an area characterized by rolling hills and mountains. The most prominent mountain in the vicinity is Mount Metalat, with an elevation of approximately 419 meters (1,375 feet). Mount Metalat serves as a popular hiking destination for locals and visitors alike, offering stunning panoramic views of Tenggarong and its surroundings. Other notable mountains in the Tenggarong area include Mount Lua and Mount Birah, which rise above 200 meters (656 feet) and 100 meters (328 feet), respectively. These hills and mountains create a picturesque landscape, adding to the natural beauty and charm of Tenggarong.
Rivers and Wetlands
Tenggarong is traversed by the Mahakam River, one of the major rivers in Indonesia. The Mahakam River flows through the city, creating a vital waterway for transportation and commerce. Along the riverbanks, there are various wetlands and marshlands, which support a diverse range of flora and fauna. The Mahakam Delta, located downstream from Tenggarong, is a vast area of wetlands known for its rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems. These wetlands provide habitat for numerous species of birds, fish, and other wildlife, making them important conservation areas. The presence of the Mahakam River and its associated wetlands contributes to the ecological significance of Tenggarong and its surrounding region.
Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman International Airport (SAMS)
Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman International Airport (SAMS), located approximately 6.5 kilometers from the city center of Tenggarong, is the nearest airport serving the Kutai Kartanegara Regency in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is a medium-sized airport with a single runway that can accommodate aircraft up to the size of a Boeing 737-900. SAMS is served by several domestic airlines, including Garuda Indonesia, Citilink, and Lion Air, offering direct flights to major cities such as Jakarta, Surabaya, and Balikpapan. The airport also has limited international connections, with flights to Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.
Alternative Airports
While SAMS is the nearest airport to Tenggarong, there are several alternative airports within a reasonable distance. One option is the Balikpapan Sepinggan International Airport (BPN), located approximately 1.5 hours by road from Tenggarong. BPN is a larger airport with a wider range of domestic and international flights, including connections to destinations in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Another alternative is the Samarinda Temindung Airport (AAP), located approximately 1 hour by road from Tenggarong. AAP offers a limited number of domestic flights, primarily to Jakarta and Surabaya. The choice of which airport to use will depend on factors such as flight availability, cost, and travel time.
History of Tenggarong
Tenggarong, the former capital of the Kutai Kartanegara kingdom, holds a significant place in Indonesian history. Established in the 14th century, Tenggarong flourished as a thriving center of trade and culture. The kingdom’s rule extended over a vast territory that included parts of present-day East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, and Central Kalimantan. During this period, Tenggarong witnessed several reigns, including Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris, known for his diplomatic skills and modernization efforts. The kingdom’s influence waned in the 19th century, as it fell under Dutch colonial rule. However, Tenggarong’s historical heritage remains a source of pride for its residents.
Cultural Significance of Tenggarong
Tenggarong is a vibrant cultural hub that showcases the rich traditions of the Kutai people. The city boasts several important cultural sites, including the Tenggarong Sultan Palace. Built in the 18th century, the palace is a beautiful example of traditional architecture and features intricate carvings, gold-plated interiors, and a magnificent throne room. Another cultural treasure is the Museum Mulawarman, which houses a collection of artifacts, paintings, and documents that narrate the history and culture of Tenggarong and the Kutai people. Tenggarong is also known for its traditional dances, music, and handicrafts, which are showcased during festivals and cultural events.