Tema Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Ghana

Temperature and Precipitation

Tema, Ghana experiences a tropical monsoon climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season, lasting from May to October, is characterized by heavy rainfall, with monthly averages exceeding 200 mm. The dry season, from November to April, is relatively dry, with monthly rainfall below 50 mm. Temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the year, with average daily temperatures hovering around 28°C. However, during the dry season, temperatures can reach up to 32°C, while during the wet season, they can drop to 25°C.

Humidity and Sunshine

Humidity is high throughout the year, especially during the wet season, when it can reach up to 90%. During the dry season, humidity levels drop slightly, but remain above 65%. Sunshine is abundant throughout the year, with an average of 6-8 hours per day. However, during the wet season, cloud cover can reduce sunshine hours, while during the dry season, clear skies prevail.

Average Temperature Variation Throughout the Year

Tema, a port city in Ghana, experiences a tropical climate with two distinct seasons: the wet season from March to November and the dry season from December to February. The average temperature in Tema throughout the year remains relatively consistent, ranging from 25 to 30 degrees Celsius (77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit).

During the dry season, temperatures are slightly lower, with average highs in the mid-20s and average lows around 20 degrees Celsius. The cooler temperatures, along with the lack of rainfall, make this the ideal time to visit Tema for outdoor activities. From December to February, the average temperature is approximately 27 degrees Celsius (80 degrees Fahrenheit).

Monthly Temperature Variation

The average temperature in Tema varies slightly from month to month. The warmest months are March and April, with average temperatures of around 29 degrees Celsius (84 degrees Fahrenheit). The coolest months are August and September, when temperatures drop to an average of 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit). Rainfall also plays a role in temperature variation, as the wet season brings higher humidity and slightly cooler temperatures. During the dry season, the air is drier, resulting in warmer temperatures.

Clouds in Tema, Ghana: Types and Characteristics

The skies over Tema, Ghana, offer a dynamic and ever-changing canvas of clouds. The coastal location and tropical climate result in a diverse range of cloud formations, each with its unique characteristics. Among the most common cloud types are cumulus, stratus, and cirrus clouds. Cumulus clouds are puffy and appear like cotton balls in the sky, often indicating fair weather. Stratus clouds, on the other hand, are uniform and flat, typically covering the entire sky and bringing overcast conditions. Cirrus clouds are thin and wispy, composed of ice crystals rather than water droplets, and usually occur at high altitudes.

Cloud Cover and Precipitation

The cloud cover in Tema varies throughout the year, with significant seasonal differences. During the rainy season, which lasts from April to October, cloud cover is typically extensive, leading to frequent showers and thunderstorms. The inter-monsoon period, from October to November, brings a brief respite from the heavy rainfall, characterized by partly cloudy skies and occasional showers. The dry season, from November to March, is characterized by minimal cloud cover and generally dry conditions, although occasional dust clouds may form. The amount of cloud cover also influences the temperature in Tema, with overcast skies providing shade and lowering temperatures, while clear skies allow for more direct sunlight and higher temperatures.

Rainfall Patterns

Tema experiences a distinct wet and dry seasonality, with the majority of precipitation falling during the wet season from April to October. The heaviest rainfall occurs during the “big rains” in May and June, when daily precipitation can exceed 100 millimeters. Conversely, the dry season from November to March is characterized by minimal rainfall, with average monthly totals below 10 millimeters. The transition between seasons is marked by intermittent showers known as the “minor rains” in March and November.

Annual Precipitation and Variability

Tema’s annual precipitation averages around 750 millimeters, with moderate interannual variability. The wettest year on record occurred in 1997 with over 1,000 millimeters of rainfall, while the driest year was 2007 with less than 500 millimeters. The city’s coastal location exposes it to moisture from the Atlantic Ocean, which contributes significantly to the heavy precipitation during the wet season. Additionally, the presence of the Guinea Highlands to the north of Tema influences the region’s rainfall patterns, enhancing precipitation during the summer months when moist air masses from the south collide with the mountains.

Rainfall Seasonality and Distribution

Tema, located along Ghana’s southeastern coast, experiences a distinct bimodal rainfall pattern. The major rainy season spans April to June, characterized by heavy downpours and intense thunderstorms. The lesser rainy season, occurring from September to October, brings moderate rainfall. The dry season extends from December to March, with minimal precipitation.

The rainfall distribution in Tema is influenced by the West African Monsoon. During the rainy seasons, moisture-laden winds from the southwest bring copious amounts of rainfall. The Accra-Tema Ridge, a topographic feature parallel to the coast, acts as a rain shadow, resulting in higher rainfall on its southern slopes, including Tema. The city typically receives an annual average of 700-800 millimeters of rainfall, with variations occurring due to climate variability.

Possibility of Snowfall in Tema, Ghana

The occurrence of snowfall in Tema, Ghana, is highly unlikely. Ghana, situated in West Africa, is located near the equator and lies entirely within the tropics. Tropical climatic conditions in this region generally preclude the formation of snow. Temperatures in Tema typically range from warm to hot throughout the year, with an average annual temperature of around 27 degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit). Snowflakes require extremely cold temperatures to form, typically below freezing point, which is not typically experienced in Tema.

Factors Preventing Snowfall

Several factors contribute to the absence of snowfall in Tema. The proximity to the equator means that solar radiation is received in abundance throughout the year. This constant heat input warms the atmosphere and prevents it from cooling down sufficiently for snow to form. Additionally, the lack of significant elevation in the area also plays a role. Snowfall is more likely to occur in mountainous or high-altitude regions where temperatures can drop drastically. Tema is a coastal city located at sea level, further minimizing the chances of snowfall.

Average Monthly Sunshine

Tema, Ghana benefits from abundant sunshine throughout the year. The average monthly sunshine hours range from 180 to 240, with the peak occurring during the dry season from November to April. During this period, the sun shines for an average of 10-12 hours per day, providing ample opportunities for outdoor activities and solar energy generation. The wet season from May to October experiences slightly less sunshine, with an average of 7-9 hours per day. However, even during this time, there are still plenty of sunny days to enjoy.

Sunshine Duration

The duration of sunshine in Tema varies depending on the time of day and season. During the dry season, the sun rises around 6:00 AM and sets around 6:00 PM, resulting in approximately 12 hours of daylight. The wet season sees slightly shorter days, with sunrise occurring around 6:30 AM and sunset around 5:30 PM, resulting in approximately 11 hours of daylight. The length of the days is relatively constant throughout the year, with only minor variations due to the Earth’s tilt during the equinoxes and solstices.

Impact on Agriculture

The Moon’s position in Tema, Ghana, has a direct impact on agricultural practices. During the full moon, farmers observe increased plant growth and a higher yield in crops such as tomatoes, peppers, and beans. This is attributed to the Moon’s gravitational pull, which influences water levels in the soil and enhances nutrient absorption by plants. Conversely, during the new moon, agricultural activities are minimized due to lower plant growth and a reduced likelihood of successful germination. Farmers often use the Moon’s lunar calendar to plan their planting and harvesting schedules, maximizing crop yields and minimizing losses.

Cultural Significance

In Tema, the Moon holds significant cultural and religious importance. The Akan people, who constitute the majority in the region, have a rich tradition of storytelling and folklore centered around the Moon. The full moon is regarded as a time of celebration, as it is believed to bring good fortune and prosperity. During festivals and ceremonies, the Moon is often symbolized by a large golden orb, representing the divine feminine and the power of creation. Additionally, the Moon is associated with ancestral spirits, and traditional rituals are often conducted under its light to honor deceased ancestors and seek their guidance.

Monthly Humidity Variations

Tema, Ghana experiences varying humidity levels throughout the year. The driest months are January and February, with average relative humidity ranging from 60% to 70%. During these months, the harmattan, a dry and dusty wind from the Sahara Desert, blows over the region, reducing humidity. From March onwards, humidity levels begin to rise as the harmattan weakens and the rainy season approaches.

Rainy Season Humidity

The rainy season in Tema spans from April to October, with peak humidity occurring in June and July. During these months, the average relative humidity hovers around 85% to 90%. The humid air is saturated with moisture due to frequent rainfall and high temperatures. The combination of heat and humidity can create a muggy and uncomfortable environment.

Annual Humidity Trend

Overall, Tema has a high annual humidity of around 75%. The relative humidity remains relatively stable throughout the year, with only slight fluctuations between the dry and rainy seasons. The persistent humidity is largely influenced by the city’s proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its tropical climate. The ocean’s proximity provides a constant source of moisture, while the warm temperatures promote evaporation and high humidity levels.

Wind Patterns in Tema, Ghana

Tema, located on the Gulf of Guinea, experiences consistent winds throughout the year. The predominant wind direction is southwesterly, prevailing during the wet season from April to October. These winds originate from the South Atlantic Ocean and carry moisture towards the coastal regions of Ghana, contributing to the region’s heavy rainfall. During the dry season, from November to March, the prevailing winds shift to the northeast, bringing warm and dry Harmattan winds from the Sahara Desert. The Harmattan winds can reduce visibility and cause respiratory problems due to their dust content.

Seasonal Wind Variations in Tema, Ghana

The seasonal variations in wind patterns in Tema are influenced by the West African Monsoon system. During the wet season, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is positioned north of Ghana, resulting in southwesterly winds and abundant rainfall. As the ITCZ shifts southward during the dry season, the northeasterly Harmattan winds become more prominent. The transition between seasons is often accompanied by strong winds and dust storms. These seasonal wind variations play a significant role in shaping the climate and vegetation patterns in Tema and the surrounding coastal region of Ghana.

Best Time to Visit Tema for Pleasant Weather:

Tema, Ghana, experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by warm temperatures throughout the year. The best time to visit for ideal weather conditions is during the dry season, which typically runs from November to March. During this time, the average temperatures range from a comfortable 24°C to 29°C, with low humidity and minimal rainfall. The clear skies and warm temperatures make it perfect for enjoying outdoor activities, such as visiting the Tema Harbour or relaxing on Labadi Beach.

Best Time to Visit Tema for Festivals and Events:

If you’re looking for a lively and cultural experience, consider visiting Tema during the annual Homowo festival, held in June. This festival celebrates the Ga people’s harvest and features traditional music, drumming, and dancing. The Homowo Festival is a vibrant and immersive way to experience Ghanaian culture and tradition. Additionally, the Tema International Cultural and Trade Fair, held in August, showcases local arts, crafts, and performances, providing a great opportunity to engage with the community and discover Ghanaian heritage.

Solar Energy Potential in Tema, Ghana

Tema, a major port city in Ghana, possesses significant potential for solar energy development. Located within the tropical zone, it experiences abundant sunshine throughout the year, with an average solar radiation of around 5.5 kWh/m2 per day. This favorable solar resource makes Tema an ideal location for the installation of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to generate clean and sustainable electricity.

Development and Utilization of Solar Energy

Recognizing the potential of solar energy, the Ghanaian government and private sector have been actively promoting the development of solar PV systems in Tema. Several large-scale solar power plants have been established in the city, with a total installed capacity of over 100 MW. These plants contribute significantly to the national grid, providing a reliable source of renewable electricity. Additionally, numerous rooftop solar systems have been installed on residential and commercial buildings, reducing electricity consumption and promoting energy independence. The widespread adoption of solar energy is expected to continue in Tema as the demand for clean and sustainable energy sources increases.

Topography of Tema, Ghana

Tema, a coastal city in Ghana, is characterized by a relatively flat topography. The city is situated on the Gulf of Guinea, and its coastal plain extends inland for several kilometers. The elevation of the city ranges from sea level to approximately 60 meters above sea level. The gentle slopes of the coastal plain provide ample space for urban development and infrastructure. The city’s flat topography has also facilitated the construction of the Tema Harbour, one of the largest and busiest ports in West Africa.

While the majority of Tema’s topography is relatively flat, there are a few notable exceptions. Immediately to the north of the city lies the Akwapim-Togo Ranges, a series of low hills and mountains that rise to an elevation of approximately 800 meters above sea level. These hills provide a picturesque backdrop to the city and offer opportunities for hiking and nature appreciation. Additionally, the Volta River estuary, which forms the eastern boundary of Tema, creates a unique wetland ecosystem that is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. The estuary’s meandering channels and mangrove swamps provide important habitats for migratory birds and aquatic life.

Kotoka International Airport (ACC)

Kotoka International Airport (ACC), formerly known as Accra International Airport, is the primary international airport serving Ghana. It is located 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) northeast of the city center of Accra, the capital of Ghana, and approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) southwest of Tema. ACC is the busiest airport in Ghana, handling both domestic and international flights. It is a major gateway for travelers to and from Ghana, as well as a transit hub for flights within West Africa.

Tema Airport (TMA)

Tema Airport (TMA), formerly known as Tema Airfield, is a domestic airport located 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) northeast of the city center of Tema. It is primarily used for domestic flights within Ghana and occasional cargo flights. TMA is not open to international commercial flights. The airport is operated by the Ghana Airports Company Limited (GACL), which also operates Kotoka International Airport.

History and Background

Tema, situated on the southeastern coast of Ghana, was established in the late 1950s as the country’s primary port city. Prior to its construction, Ghana relied heavily on the port of Takoradi, but the need for a more efficient and accessible port led to the development of Tema. The city was carefully planned with wide streets, modern buildings, and an industrial zone to support the growing economy.

Economic Importance

Tema is a vital economic hub for Ghana. The port, one of the largest in West Africa, serves as the gateway to international trade. It handles a significant portion of Ghana’s exports, including cocoa, gold, and timber, and imports, such as machinery, fuel, and consumer goods. The industrial zone, located in the eastern part of the city, is home to a variety of industries, including automobile assembly, food processing, and pharmaceuticals. Tema also boasts a thriving retail sector, with numerous shopping malls and markets catering to both locals and tourists.