Sofia Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Bulgaria


Summer in Sofia

Sofia experiences a pleasant summer, typically lasting from June to September. The average temperature during this season ranges from 18°C (64°F) to 29°C (84°F). July and August are the hottest months, with average maximum temperatures reaching 30°C (86°F). The summer months are characterized by sunny days with occasional showers or thunderstorms. Sofia’s relatively high altitude of 550 meters above sea level helps moderate the summer heat, making it a comfortable time to visit the city.

Winter in Sofia

In contrast to its warm summers, Sofia experiences cold and snowy winters from November to March. The average temperature during this season hovers around 2°C (35°F), with January being the coldest month. Average minimum temperatures can drop below 0°C (32°F), and snowfall is common. Sofia’s location in the Balkans means it is often affected by cold fronts from the north and east, resulting in periods of extreme cold and heavy snowfall. Winter in Sofia can be challenging, but the city embraces the season with winter festivals and activities like skiing and ice skating.

Seasonal Temperature Variations

Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, experiences distinct seasonal temperature variations throughout the year. During the winter months, from December to February, average temperatures hover around the freezing mark, dipping below zero degrees Celsius at night. Snowfall is common during this period, creating a picturesque winter wonderland. As spring arrives in March, temperatures gradually rise, reaching an average of 10-15 degrees Celsius by May. Spring in Sofia is characterized by mild weather and occasional showers, making it an ideal time to explore the city’s parks and gardens.

Summer and Autumn Temperatures

The summer months in Sofia are warm and sunny, with average temperatures ranging from 20-25 degrees Celsius. July and August are the hottest months, with temperatures often exceeding 30 degrees Celsius. During this season, Sofia enjoys long days filled with sunshine, making it a great time for outdoor activities and exploring the city’s historic landmarks. As autumn approaches in September, temperatures begin to cool, averaging around 15-20 degrees Celsius. October and November mark the transition into winter, with temperatures dropping further and occasional rain showers becoming more frequent.

Cloud Types in Sofia, Bulgaria

Sofia, Bulgaria, is known for its diverse cloud formations that adorn its skies. The city experiences a wide range of cloud types throughout the year, influenced by its unique geographical location and climate. During the summer months, towering cumulus clouds dominate the sky, casting dramatic shadows on the landscape. These clouds are often associated with fair weather and can sometimes lead to afternoon thunderstorms. As autumn approaches, the sky transforms into a canvas of high-altitude cirrus clouds, characterized by their delicate wispy appearance. These clouds indicate stable atmospheric conditions and often foreshadow approaching weather fronts.

Seasonal Cloud Variations in Sofia

The winter months bring a more dramatic cloud display. Stratus clouds, with their uniform gray appearance, often blanket the city, creating a gloomy and overcast sky. These clouds can persist for several days, resulting in extended periods of gray and drizzly weather. However, as the days grow longer, the clouds begin to dissipate, giving way to increased sunshine. Springtime in Sofia brings a return of vibrant cloud formations. Cumulus clouds reappear, but this time, they are smaller and more scattered, allowing for patches of blue sky to peek through. As the season progresses, the skies become increasingly clear, heralding the arrival of summer and its characteristic cloud formations.

Annual Precipitation

Sofia, the capital city of Bulgaria, experiences an annual precipitation of approximately 640 millimeters (25 inches). This precipitation is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year, with slightly higher amounts in the spring and fall. The wettest month is May, with an average of 70 millimeters (2.8 inches) of precipitation, while the driest month is February, with an average of 30 millimeters (1.2 inches).

Snowfall

During the winter months, Sofia typically experiences moderate snowfall. The city lies within the Köppen climate zone Dfb, which is characterized by warm summers and cool winters. While snowfall can occur as early as October and as late as April, it is most common between December and March. The average annual snowfall is approximately 30 centimeters (12 inches). While snow cover can occasionally reach depths of 50 centimeters (20 inches), it typically melts quickly due to the mild winter temperatures.

Monthly Rainfall Distribution

Sofia experiences moderate precipitation throughout the year, with the wettest months being May and June. These months typically receive an average rainfall of around 60-70 mm, while the driest months are February and August, with an average rainfall of approximately 30 mm each. The city’s annual rainfall averages around 550 mm, distributed fairly evenly across the seasons.

Seasonal Variations

During the winter months, Sofia receives mostly snowfall, with an average snowfall of 5-7 days per month. Snow accumulation can vary significantly, but the city occasionally experiences heavy snowstorms that can disrupt daily life. Spring and autumn bring relatively mild temperatures and occasional showers, while summer months are typically characterized by warm, sunny weather with infrequent but potentially heavy thunderstorms.

History of Snowfall in Sofia

Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, experiences regular snowfall during the winter months. Historical records indicate that the city has a long history of snowfall, with records dating back to the 19th century. The average annual snowfall in Sofia is around 50 centimeters. However, the amount of snowfall can vary significantly from year to year, with some years seeing much more or less snow than the average.

Impact of Snowfall

Snowfall in Sofia can have a significant impact on the city. During heavy snowfalls, the city’s infrastructure can be disrupted, with roads becoming impassible and public transportation delayed. Snowfall can also lead to power outages and other infrastructure problems. Additionally, snowfall can pose a hazard to pedestrians and drivers, as slick roads can lead to accidents. However, snowfall can also have positive effects on the city, as it can create a beautiful winter wonderland and provide opportunities for winter sports enthusiasts.

Sunrise and Sunset in Sofia

Sofia, the vibrant capital of Bulgaria, experiences varying sunrise and sunset times throughout the year. During the summer months (June to August), the sun rises around 5:30 AM and sets close to 8:30 PM, offering ample daylight hours to explore the city’s many attractions. Conversely, winter days (December to February) are shorter, with sunrise occurring around 7:30 AM and sunset around 5:00 PM. The city experiences its longest day on June 21st (the summer solstice), when the sun rises at 5:25 AM and sets at 8:40 PM. On the shortest day of the year, December 21st (the winter solstice), the sun rises at 7:38 AM and sets at 4:42 PM.

Sunshine Hours in Sofia

Sofia boasts an impressive number of sunshine hours throughout the year, particularly during the summer months. On average, the city receives around 7-8 hours of sunshine per day in June and July. This ideal weather condition provides ample opportunities for outdoor activities, sightseeing, and soaking up the vibrant city atmosphere. Even in the winter months, when daylight hours are shorter, Sofia experiences an average of 4-5 hours of sunshine per day. This moderate sunshine allows visitors to enjoy the city’s attractions and explore its beautiful parks and gardens, albeit with warmer clothing.

Moon Rise and Moon Set Times in Sofia, Bulgaria

In Sofia, Bulgaria, the moon’s rise and set times vary throughout the month and year due to the Earth’s rotation and revolution around the Sun. The moon rises and sets approximately 50 minutes later each day. During the new moon phase, the moon is not visible from Earth, as it is located between the Earth and Sun. As the moon moves through its phases, it becomes visible as a crescent, waxing (increasing in size), and then full, before waning (decreasing in size) back to a crescent and finally becoming invisible again at the new moon phase.

For example, on January 1, 2023, the moon rose at 8:06 AM and set at 6:22 PM in Sofia, Bulgaria. On the other hand, on June 1, 2023, the moon rose at 4:32 AM and set at 9:06 PM. These times may vary slightly depending on the specific location within Sofia and the time zone being used. It’s always a good idea to consult an accurate astronomical calendar or reputable weather app for the most precise moon rise and set times for your location.

Seasonal Variations in Humidity

Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, experiences significant seasonal variations in humidity. During the winter months (December to February), the air is typically dry, with relative humidity levels averaging around 70-80%. However, as spring approaches, the humidity begins to rise, reaching its peak during the summer months (June to August). During this time, relative humidity levels can reach as high as 90-100%, creating a muggy and uncomfortable atmosphere.

Diurnal Variations in Humidity

In addition to seasonal variations, humidity in Sofia also exhibits diurnal variations, which means that the humidity can vary significantly throughout the day. During the night and early morning hours, the humidity tends to be higher, as the air cools and water vapor condenses. As the day progresses, the temperature rises, causing the air to hold more moisture, and the humidity decreases. By the afternoon, the air is typically at its driest, and relative humidity levels can drop below 50%.

Factors Influencing Humidity

The humidity in Sofia is influenced by a number of factors, including temperature, wind speed, and precipitation. When the temperature is high, the air can hold more moisture, resulting in higher humidity levels. Wind speed also affects humidity, as strong winds can help to disperse water vapor and lower humidity. Precipitation, such as rain or snow, can also have a significant impact on humidity, as it can add moisture to the air.

Wind Patterns and Seasonality

Sofia, Bulgaria, experiences a humid continental climate, characterized by moderate temperatures and significant seasonal variations. Wind patterns in the city are influenced by its geographic location within a valley surrounded by the Vitosha and Balkan Mountains. During the summer months, light to moderate north-westerly winds prevail, carrying warm air from the Adriatic Sea. In contrast, the winter season brings stronger winds from the north-east, bringing cold air from the Eurasian continent.

Wind Speed and Direction

On average, wind speeds in Sofia are relatively low, ranging from 1 to 3 meters per second. However, occasional strong gusts can occur, particularly during thunderstorms or when cold fronts pass through the region. The dominant wind direction is west-northwest, with winds flowing into the city from the mountains and valleys surrounding it. During the spring and autumn months, southerly winds are more common, associated with warm air masses passing over the Black Sea.

Spring (March-May):
Spring in Sofia is a time of awakening and beauty. The days are getting longer and warmer, and the city parks and gardens come alive with blooming flowers and vibrant colors. The average temperature ranges from 5°C to 15°C, making it pleasant for outdoor activities. This season is ideal for exploring Sofia’s historical and cultural landmarks, strolling through the parks, or enjoying a picnic in the lush meadows.

Autumn (September-November):
Autumn in Sofia brings a sense of tranquility and charm. The leaves of the trees turn into vibrant shades of red, orange, and gold, creating a picturesque backdrop throughout the city. The temperatures range from a comfortable 10°C to 20°C, providing a perfect environment for sightseeing and outdoor adventures. This season is also known for its mild and sunny days, making it ideal for hiking in the nearby mountains or visiting the stunning Rila Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Solar Irradiance and Potential:

Sofia enjoys abundant solar irradiance, making it a promising location for solar energy utilization. The city receives an average of 5.2 kWh/m2 of global horizontal irradiance per day, with annual sunshine hours reaching 2,400. This favorable solar exposure provides ample opportunities for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to generate clean and renewable electricity.

Current Status and Development:

Currently, Sofia has a modest installed capacity of solar PV systems, with a total of approximately 10 MW. However, significant growth potential exists, as the city aims to establish itself as a solar energy hub. The government has launched initiatives to promote solar development, including feed-in tariffs and investment incentives. As a result, the solar energy industry is expected to expand rapidly in the coming years, contributing to Sofia’s sustainability goals and reducing its reliance on fossil fuels.

Sofia Valley

Sofia is situated in the Sofia Valley, a fertile plain surrounded by the Balkan Mountains to the south and the Sredna Gora Mountains to the north. The valley is formed by the Iskar River, which flows through the city from east to west.

The valley’s average elevation is around 550 meters (1,800 feet) above sea level. The highest point in the valley is Mount Vitosha, which rises to 2,290 meters (7,510 feet) above sea level. The lowest point in the valley is the Iskar River, which has an elevation of around 400 meters (1,300 feet) above sea level. The valley is home to a variety of plant and animal life, including forests, meadows, and rivers.

Surrounding Mountains

The Balkan Mountains form a natural barrier to the south of Sofia. The mountains are home to a variety of plant and animal life, including forests, meadows, and rivers. The Sredna Gora Mountains form a natural barrier to the north of Sofia. The mountains are home to a variety of plant and animal life, including forests, meadows, and rivers.

Sofia Airport (SOF)

Sofia Airport, also known as Vrazhdebna Airport, is the primary international airport serving Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It is located approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) northeast of the city center. The airport is a hub for Bulgaria Air, the country’s flag carrier, and serves as a gateway to Bulgaria for both domestic and international travelers. Sofia Airport is the busiest airport in Bulgaria, handling over 7 million passengers annually. The airport has three terminals, Terminal 1 for domestic flights, Terminal 2 for international flights, and Terminal 3 for low-cost carriers. The airport is well-connected to the city center via public transportation, including buses, taxis, and a metro line.

Other Airports Near Sofia

In addition to Sofia Airport, there are several other airports within a reasonable distance of the city. These airports include:

  • Plovdiv International Airport (PDV) – Located approximately 140 kilometers (87 miles) southeast of Sofia, Plovdiv International Airport is the second busiest airport in Bulgaria. It is a popular destination for low-cost carriers and serves as a gateway to the southern part of the country.
  • Varna Airport (VAR) – Located approximately 400 kilometers (249 miles) northeast of Sofia, Varna Airport is the third busiest airport in Bulgaria. It is a popular destination for tourists visiting the Black Sea coast.
  • Burgas Airport (BOJ) – Located approximately 420 kilometers (261 miles) southeast of Sofia, Burgas Airport is the fourth busiest airport in Bulgaria. It is also a popular destination for tourists visiting the Black Sea coast.

Culture and Art

Sofia boasts a vibrant and diverse cultural scene. One of its most renowned attractions is the National Palace of Culture, a massive architectural complex hosting concerts, exhibitions, and other events. The city also houses the Bulgarian National Museum of History, which houses an extensive collection of artifacts from the country’s past. For art enthusiasts, the National Art Gallery and the Sofia City Art Gallery showcase a wide range of Bulgarian and international artworks. Sofia’s nightlife is also lively, with numerous clubs, bars, and live music venues offering a wide variety of entertainment options.

Historical Heritage

Sofia has a rich historical heritage that dates back to the 1st century AD. As the ancient city of Serdica, it was conquered by the Romans, Byzantines, Ottomans, and eventually Bulgaria. This diverse history is reflected in Sofia’s architectural landmarks, such as the remnants of the Roman city walls, the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (one of the largest Orthodox cathedrals in the world), and the Banya Bashi Mosque, a beautiful reminder of Ottoman rule. The city also boasts a number of museums and cultural institutions dedicated to preserving and interpreting its past, including the Museum of Socialist Art and the Ivan Vazov National Theatre.