Sanaa Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Yemen

Summer (June – September)

Summer in Sana’a is characterized by hot and dry conditions. Temperatures soar to an average high of 33°C (91°F) during the day, with scorching sunshine and little humidity. Nights offer little respite, with temperatures hovering around 20°C (68°F). Rainfall is virtually nonexistent during this period, and the skies remain clear and cloudless. The dry heat can be oppressive, especially during the midday hours, making it advisable to avoid strenuous activities during this time.

Winter (December – March)

The winter months in Sana’a bring a welcome respite from the summer heat. Temperatures drop significantly, with average highs reaching a comfortable 21°C (70°F) and lows dipping to around 5°C (41°F). While rainfall remains sparse, occasional showers can occur, providing some relief from the dryness. The skies tend to be partially cloudy, and the occasional fog can reduce visibility in the early mornings and evenings. The cool nights make it ideal for outdoor activities and stargazing. However, warm clothing is recommended, as temperatures can drop noticeably after sunset.

Average Temperature in Sanaa, Yemen

Sanaa, the enchanting capital city of Yemen, is nestled amidst the picturesque mountains of the Yemeni Highlands. Situated at an elevation of approximately 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) above sea level, Sanaa enjoys a temperate climate that is distinct from the scorching heat of Yemen’s coastal regions. The average annual temperature in Sanaa hovers around 22°C (72°F), providing a pleasant year-round climate.

During the summer months, from June to September, temperatures in Sanaa typically range from 25°C to 30°C (77°F to 86°F). The days are characterized by ample sunshine and occasional afternoon showers, contributing to the moderate humidity levels. Nights, however, can be chilly, with temperatures dipping to around 15°C (59°F). In contrast, the winter months, from December to February, are slightly cooler, with average temperatures ranging from 10°C to 18°C (50°F to 64°F). While the days can be pleasant and sunny, the nights can become particularly cold, with temperatures plummeting below freezing at times.

Cloud Patterns and Distribution

The cloud cover over Sanaa, the capital city of Yemen, varies significantly throughout the year. During the dry season, which lasts from October to April, the skies are predominantly clear and cloudless. However, as the rainy season approaches, cloud formation becomes more prevalent, particularly during the months of May and June. The most common cloud types observed during this period are cumulus and stratocumulus clouds, which typically appear as puffy, cotton-like formations. As the rainy season progresses, the cloud cover increases, with altostratus and nimbostratus clouds covering larger areas of the sky. These cloud types often bring precipitation in the form of rain or drizzle.

Influence on Climate and Weather

The presence of clouds plays a crucial role in shaping the climate and weather conditions in Sanaa. Clear skies during the dry season allow for intense solar radiation, resulting in high temperatures and low humidity. Conversely, the increased cloud cover during the rainy season reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the ground, leading to lower temperatures and higher humidity levels. The cloud cover also influences precipitation patterns, as the formation of rain clouds is necessary for rainfall to occur. The distribution and type of clouds can provide valuable information about the likelihood of precipitation and can aid in weather forecasting.

Annual Precipitation

Sanaa, Yemen, experiences a desert climate with extremely low annual precipitation. On average, the city receives only about 120 millimeters (4.7 inches) of rain per year. This precipitation is highly variable and can fluctuate significantly from year to year. During the driest years, Sanaa may receive less than 50 millimeters (2 inches) of rain, while during the wettest years, it may receive up to 200 millimeters (8 inches). The majority of precipitation falls during the winter months, between October and March.

Seasonal Distribution

The distribution of precipitation throughout the year in Sanaa is highly seasonal. The summer months, from April to September, are extremely dry, with virtually no rainfall. The winter months, from October to March, are the wettest, with the majority of precipitation falling during the months of December and January. During these months, Sanaa can experience occasional thunderstorms and heavy downpours. However, even during the wettest months, precipitation is often sporadic and unpredictable.

Rainfall Patterns

Sanaa, Yemen experiences a desert climate characterized by extremely low annual rainfall. On average, the city receives less than 50 mm (2 inches) of precipitation per year. The vast majority of rainfall occurs during the brief rainy season from July to August, when the city may experience sporadic thunderstorms. During the rest of the year, rainfall is scarce, and prolonged dry spells are common. The lack of humidity and precipitation contributes to the city’s arid and dry conditions throughout the year.

Consequences of Low Rainfall

The scarcity of rainfall in Sanaa poses significant challenges to its population and infrastructure. The arid conditions make agriculture difficult, and the city relies heavily on imported food supplies. Water shortages are also a persistent issue, as Sanaa’s groundwater resources are rapidly depleting. The low rainfall also impacts the city’s vegetation, with limited greenery and sparse plant life. Moreover, the lack of precipitation can lead to dust storms, further exacerbating the environmental and health concerns in Sanaa.

Historic Snowfall in Sanaa

On January 18, 2023, Sanaa, Yemen’s capital city, experienced an unprecedented snowfall. The city, located in the mountainous region of western Yemen, typically experiences moderate rainfall during the winter months but has rarely seen snow in recorded history. The unusual snowfall blanketed Sanaa in a thick layer of white, covering the city’s iconic buildings, mosques, and streets. The snowfall paralyzed transportation and disrupted daily life, with many residents confined to their homes.

Causes and Impact of the Snowfall

The snowfall in Sanaa was caused by a rare combination of cold air from the polar regions and a storm system that brought moisture from the Arabian Sea. The cold air from the north collided with the warm, moist air from the south, resulting in heavy precipitation that turned into snow due to the low temperatures. The snowfall had a significant impact on the city, as many residents were unprepared for the extreme weather conditions. Schools and businesses were closed, and roads were impassable, making it difficult for people to access essential services and supplies.

Sun’s Impact on Sanaa’s Climate

Sanaa, the capital of Yemen, experiences a hot desert climate, with scorching summers and mild winters. The sun plays a dominant role in shaping its weather patterns. During the summer months, which span from April to October, the sun’s intense rays beat down on the city, driving temperatures to soar. Average highs range from 30 to 35 degrees Celsius (86 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit), with peak temperatures often exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit). The lack of significant rainfall during this period further exacerbates the heat, resulting in a scorching, arid environment.

Adaptation to the Sun’s Intensity

The inhabitants of Sanaa have developed various strategies to cope with the sun’s extreme intensity. Traditional Yemeni architecture features thick, earthen walls, which provide insulation from the heat. Buildings are often designed with narrow streets and courtyards, which create shaded areas during the hottest hours of the day. Additionally, the use of whitewashed walls and reflective paint helps reduce heat absorption. Residents also adapt their lifestyle to the climate, spending much of their time indoors during the peak heat hours and venturing outdoors in the cooler evenings. Clothing plays a crucial role, with loose, lightweight fabrics and head coverings providing protection from the sun’s harmful rays.

Lunar Phases in Sanaa, Yemen

The lunar cycle in Sanaa, Yemen, is characterized by its distinct phases and their accompanying impact on the city’s atmosphere. During the new moon, the sky becomes shrouded in darkness, creating an ethereal and tranquil ambiance. The absence of moonlight casts an enigmatic glow on the ancient city, revealing its enigmatic architecture and intricate alleyways. As the moon progresses through its waxing phase, its faint crescent emerges, gradually illuminating the night sky. The gentle glow of the moon casts a subtle radiance over Sanaa, creating a magical atmosphere that invites contemplation and reflection.

Cultural Significance of the Moon

The moon holds deep cultural and religious significance in Yemen and, by extension, in Sanaa. It plays a pivotal role in determining the Islamic calendar, with the beginning of each month marked by the sighting of the new moon. Additionally, the moon is associated with various cultural practices and traditions. During the holy month of Ramadan, the appearance of the crescent moon signals the commencement of fasting. The moon is also venerated as a symbol of beauty, fertility, and guidance, inspiring poets, artists, and musicians throughout history. Its presence in the night sky has shaped the cultural and spiritual landscape of Sanaa for centuries.

Average Humidity Levels

Sana’a, the capital city of Yemen, experiences a relatively humid climate throughout the year. The annual average humidity level hovers around 60%, with slight fluctuations during different seasons. During the summer months (April-September), humidity levels tend to be higher, often reaching 70-80% due to the influence of the monsoon winds. Conversely, winter (October-March) brings slightly drier conditions, with humidity levels dropping to around 50-60%.

Seasonal Variations

The humidity in Sana’a is strongly influenced by seasonal weather patterns. During the summer monsoon season, the city experiences an influx of moisture from the Indian Ocean, resulting in high humidity levels that contribute to the city’s hot and sticky summers. In contrast, during the winter months, when the influence of the monsoon weakens, Sana’a experiences a drier climate with lower humidity levels. Additionally, rainfall, which is typically more frequent during the summer monsoon season, can temporarily increase humidity levels.

Wind Patterns and Seasonal Variations

Sanaa, the capital city of Yemen, experiences distinct wind patterns influenced by its location in the mountainous western highlands of the Arabian Peninsula. During the winter months, from November to April, the prevailing wind direction is northeasterly, bringing cold and dry air from the Arabian Desert and the Gulf of Aden. These winds, known as “Shamal” or “Nashim,” can be strong and gusty, creating dusty conditions and increasing air pollution levels.

In the summer months, from May to October, the wind direction shifts to southwesterly, bringing warm and humid air from the Indian Ocean. These winds, known as “Kharif,” are often associated with monsoon rainfall, which can provide much-needed moisture to the arid region. During the transition months of spring and autumn, variable winds prevail, influenced by local topography and atmospheric conditions.

Impact on Climate and Air Quality

The wind patterns in Sanaa play a crucial role in shaping its climate and air quality. The northerly winds during the winter bring cold temperatures, with average highs ranging from 60°F (16°C) to 70°F (21°C) and average lows dropping below 50°F (10°C). The dry air associated with these winds can lead to increased evaporation and dehydration, making it essential to stay hydrated.

In contrast, the southwesterly winds during the summer bring higher temperatures and humidity, with average highs exceeding 80°F (27°C) and average lows remaining above 60°F (16°C). The moisture in the air can create a sticky and uncomfortable atmosphere, particularly during the peak of the summer months. Additionally, the dust carried by the northerly winds can contribute to poor air quality, especially during the dry season, posing health risks to residents.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Sana’a, Yemen is during the cooler months from October to April. During this time, temperatures are in the mid-60s to low 70s Fahrenheit, making it ideal for exploring the city’s ancient landmarks and colorful souks. However, it’s essential to avoid the summer months from May to September, as Sana’a can experience extreme heat and dust storms during this period.

Weather Conditions

Sana’a has a semi-arid climate, with average temperatures ranging from the mid-50s to the mid-60s Fahrenheit throughout the year. The city receives little rainfall, particularly during the summer months. However, occasional thunderstorms can occur during the rainy season, which runs from July to September. It’s also worth noting that Sana’a is located in a mountainous region, so temperatures may be significantly cooler at higher elevations.

Potential and Challenges:
Sanaa, the capital of Yemen, possesses immense potential for solar energy development due to its abundant sunshine throughout the year. The city experiences an average of 300 sunny days annually, with high global horizontal irradiation (GHI) levels. However, the country’s ongoing conflict has created significant challenges for solar energy deployment, including infrastructure damage, disrupted supply chains, and limited financial resources. Despite these challenges, there is a growing recognition of the importance of renewable energy, with the government and international organizations actively promoting solar projects.

Current Projects and Initiatives:
Efforts to harness the solar potential in Sanaa are underway despite the challenging circumstances. One notable project is the “Sanaa Solar City” initiative, which aims to install solar panels on over 200,000 households in the city. The project is supported by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and provides job creation and energy access to residents. Additionally, several local and international organizations are actively engaged in promoting solar energy within Yemen, providing training, equipment, and financial assistance to marginalized communities. These initiatives play a vital role in increasing awareness and ensuring the long-term sustainability of solar energy utilization in Sanaa and beyond.

Surrounding Mountains:

Sana’a is dramatically nestled within a ring of towering mountains. To the north, Mount Nuqum stands as a prominent landmark, reaching over 2,500 meters (8,200 feet) in elevation. It forms a picturesque backdrop to the city, visible from many vantage points. On the western side, Jabal Ashur dominates the landscape, adding to the mountainous character of the region. To the east, the sprawling range of Jebel Dhahr dominates the skyline, creating a natural barrier that protects the city from the surrounding desert.

Valley Setting with Dry Riverbeds:

Sana’a is situated in a valley setting, surrounded by hills and plateaus. The city is bisected by several dry riverbeds (wadis), which are remnants of ancient watercourses. These wadis, such as the Wadi Dhahr and the Wadi Sir, play a significant role in shaping the topography of the city. During periods of heavy rainfall, they can transform into raging torrents, carving dramatic channels through the landscape. However, for most of the year, they are dry and serve as pathways for locals and livestock. The presence of these wadis adds a unique character to Sana’a, creating a distinctive visual element that is both dramatic and evocative.

Sana’a International Airport

Sana’a International Airport (IATA: SAH, ICAO: OYSN), also known as Al-Dahab International Airport, is the primary airport serving Sana’a, the capital city of Yemen. Located approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) northeast of the city center, Sana’a International Airport serves as the main hub for Yemenia, the national airline of Yemen. The airport has a single passenger terminal and a runway measuring 3,300 meters (10,800 feet) in length.

Due to the ongoing conflict in Yemen, Sana’a International Airport has been closed to all commercial flights since August 2016. The airport has sustained significant damage during the conflict, and its infrastructure and facilities have been compromised. In 2020, a partial reopening of the airport was announced, allowing for the resumption of limited humanitarian flights. However, the airport remains closed to regular commercial passenger and cargo operations.

Historical Significance

Sana’a, the capital of Yemen, boasts a rich and ancient history. Its origins date back to the pre-Islamic period, when it served as the capital of the Himyarite kingdom. The city gained prominence under the rule of the Sabeans, who transformed it into a thriving trade and religious center. Sana’a’s architectural heritage is a testament to its past, with iconic structures such as the Great Mosque and the Al-Qasimi Palace showcasing its architectural prowess.

Cultural and Religious Significance

Sana’a is renowned for its cultural and religious significance. It is home to a vibrant and diverse population, with a mix of Arab, African, and Persian influences. The city’s Old City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a maze of narrow streets and traditional buildings. Its ancient mosques, such as the Al-Jami’ al-Kabir, are architectural marvels and pilgrimage sites for Muslim worshippers. Sana’a is also a center of learning and religious scholarship, with many madrasas and universities attracting students from across the region.