San Fernando Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Trinidad and Tobago

Temperature and Humidity

San Fernando experiences a tropical climate with consistently warm temperatures throughout the year. The average annual temperature hovers around 29 degrees Celsius (84 degrees Fahrenheit), with a maximum average of 33 degrees Celsius (91 degrees Fahrenheit) during the dry season (February to April) and a minimum average of 26 degrees Celsius (79 degrees Fahrenheit) during the wet season (June to December). Humidity levels are also high throughout the year, typically ranging between 60% and 90%, contributing to a muggy and often uncomfortable atmosphere.

Rainfall and Sunshine

Rainfall in San Fernando is seasonal, with the wet season bringing abundant precipitation between June and December. During this period, heavy downpours are frequent, resulting in significant rainfall totals that reach an annual average of 1,500 millimeters (59 inches). In contrast, the dry season receives considerably less rainfall, with February being the driest month. Despite the seasonal rainfall, San Fernando enjoys ample sunshine all year round, with an average of 6 to 7 hours of sunshine per day.

Average Temperature

San Fernando, nestled in the southwestern coast of Trinidad and Tobago, experiences a tropical climate characterized by consistently warm temperatures throughout the year. The average annual temperature hovers around 27 degrees Celsius (80.6 degrees Fahrenheit), with minimal variations between seasons.

During the hottest months, from April to September, temperatures can reach highs of 32-34 degrees Celsius (89.6-93.2 degrees Fahrenheit). These months coincide with the dry season, when precipitation is relatively low, resulting in hot, sunny conditions. The cooler months, from October to March, still maintain an average temperature of around 26-28 degrees Celsius (78.8-82.4 degrees Fahrenheit), offering a comfortable and pleasant climate.

Cloud Types and Formations in San Fernando

The skies above San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, present a diverse array of cloud formations. Cumulus clouds, characterized by their puffy, cotton-like appearance, are a common sight. When these clouds stack vertically, they can form towering cumulonimbus clouds, which often produce rain or thunderstorms. Stratus clouds, on the other hand, appear as a uniform gray layer and typically cover the entire sky, obscuring the sun.

Seasonal Cloud Patterns

The cloud cover in San Fernando varies with the seasons. During the dry season (January to May), the skies are generally clear with fewer clouds. However, during the wet season (June to December), cloud cover increases significantly, with more frequent occurrences of cumulus and stratus clouds. The wet season also brings an increased risk of heavy rainfall and thunderstorms, particularly during the afternoon or evening.

Rainfall Patterns and Climatology

San Fernando, located on the southwestern coast of Trinidad and Tobago, experiences a tropical monsoon climate characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. During the rainy season, which typically runs from May to December, abundant rainfall becomes a common occurrence. The city receives an average of 2,000 mm of precipitation annually, with the highest rainfall occurring between June and November. During these wet months, heavy downpours and thunderstorms can be expected, particularly in the afternoon and evening hours.

Environmental Impacts of Precipitation

The substantial rainfall in San Fernando has a significant influence on the natural environment and human activities. The lush vegetation, including the Caroni Swamp National Park, benefits from the plentiful moisture, creating a vibrant and diverse ecosystem. However, excessive rainfall can also lead to flooding, especially in low-lying areas and along rivers. These floods can damage infrastructure, disrupt transportation, and pose a risk to human safety. Additionally, the heavy rainfall can contribute to soil erosion and sediment accumulation in waterways, impacting water quality and aquatic habitats.

Rainfall Patterns

San Fernando, a city in Trinidad and Tobago, experiences a tropical monsoon climate, characterized by abundant rainfall throughout the year. The wet season typically spans from May to December, with annual precipitation averaging around 2,000-2,400 millimeters (78-94 inches). During this period, heavy rainfall is common, often occurring as intense downpours. The dry season, from January to April, is generally drier but still sees occasional showers.

Seasonal Variability

Rainfall in San Fernando exhibits significant seasonal variability. The wettest months are June, July, and August, when the city receives an average of 300-400 millimeters (12-16 inches) of precipitation. During these months, the weather is dominated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a low-pressure system that causes heavy rainfall in the tropics. The driest months are February and March, with average rainfall below 50 millimeters (2 inches). During this period, the ITCZ moves away from the region, resulting in fewer showers and drier conditions. The variability in rainfall can impact activities such as agriculture, tourism, and water management.

Historical Snowfall Event

In the annals of meteorology, the snowfall that occurred in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, on December 27, 1972, remains an enigmatic and extraordinary event. This tropical island nation, renowned for its warm, equatorial climate, experienced a rare meteorological phenomenon when a combination of unusually cold temperatures and heavy rainfall resulted in a light dusting of snow. The snowfall, confined to the high elevations of the Northern Range, was particularly pronounced in San Fernando, where it settled on rooftops and vehicles, creating a surreal winter wonderland in this otherwise tropical environment.

Scientific Explanation and Legacy

Scientists have attributed the snowfall event to an unusual intrusion of cold air from the North Atlantic Ocean, which lowered temperatures to unprecedented levels. Furthermore, the convergence of a warm, moisture-laden air mass from the Amazon rainforest created ideal conditions for the formation of snow. While snowfall in Trinidad and Tobago is an extremely rare occurrence, this historic event has left an enduring legacy. It serves as a reminder that even in the tropics, under the right atmospheric conditions, nature can surprise us with unexpected and awe-inspiring phenomena. The snowfall of 1972 has become a part of the island nation’s folklore, a fascinating tale that continues to intrigue and inspire generations of Trinidadians and Tobagonians.

Sunrise and Sunset Times

The sun in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago follows a predictable pattern throughout the year. Generally, the sunrises earliest around 5:30 AM and latest around 6:15 AM. Similarly, the sunset time varies, with the earliest sunset occurring around 5:45 PM in December and the latest sunset around 6:30 PM in June. These time variations are due to the Earth’s elliptical orbit and its tilt on its axis, which creates variations in daylight hours.

Sunlight Intensity and Duration

San Fernando enjoys a consistent level of sunlight intensity throughout the year, with an average of 12 hours of sunshine daily. However, this can vary slightly depending on cloud cover and weather conditions. The rainy season, which typically runs from June to December, can lead to reduced sunlight during the day. The bright sunlight is ideal for outdoor activities, tourism, and harnessing solar energy, which provides sustainable power options.

Phases of the Moon in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago

The Moon goes through various phases throughout the month, and its appearance varies depending on its position relative to the Sun and Earth. In San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, located in the Northern Hemisphere, the phases of the Moon are generally consistent with what is observed in other parts of the world.

During the New Moon phase, the Moon is not visible from Earth because it is positioned between the Earth and the Sun, with its unlit side facing towards Earth. The New Moon marks the beginning of a new lunar cycle. As the Moon moves in its orbit around Earth, it gradually becomes visible as a crescent shape. This is known as the Waxing Crescent phase. Over the next few days, the illuminated portion of the Moon continues to grow, forming the First Quarter phase, when half of the Moon is lit. The Moon then enters the Waxing Gibbous phase, where more than half of its surface is illuminated.

Moonrise and Moonset in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago

The time of moonrise and moonset in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, varies throughout the month and depends on the phase of the Moon. During the New Moon phase, the Moon is not visible from Earth, so there is no moonrise or moonset. As the Moon progresses through its phases, its rising and setting times change.

During the Waxing Crescent and Waxing Gibbous phases, the Moon rises earlier each day and sets later. This is because the Moon is moving eastward in its orbit around Earth, and as it moves, more of its illuminated side becomes visible from San Fernando. During the First Quarter phase, the Moon rises at noon and sets at midnight, and during the Full Moon phase, it rises at sunset and sets at sunrise.

Relative Humidity in San Fernando

San Fernando, located in Trinidad and Tobago, experiences high relative humidity throughout the year. The average annual relative humidity is around 75%, with the driest months being January and February when it drops to approximately 70%. During these months, the trade winds from the northeast bring drier air to the island, reducing humidity levels.

Seasonal Variations

The relative humidity in San Fernando exhibits distinct seasonal variations. During the wet season (June to December), humidity levels rise significantly due to increased rainfall and diminished trade winds. In the wettest months of September and October, the relative humidity often exceeds 80%. Conversely, during the dry season (January to May), the humidity levels decrease as the trade winds strengthen and rainfall decreases. The average relative humidity during the dry season typically ranges from 65% to 75%.

Wind Direction and Speed

In San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, the predominant wind direction throughout the year is from the east-northeast, known as the Northeast Trade Winds. These winds originate from the subtropical high-pressure belt located over the North Atlantic Ocean. The average wind speed in San Fernando is moderate, typically ranging from 12 to 20 kilometers per hour (7 to 12 miles per hour). However, during the months of January to May, when the Northeast Trade Winds are at their strongest, wind speeds can increase to 25 kilometers per hour (15 miles per hour) or more.

Seasonal Variations

The wind in San Fernando experiences seasonal variations, particularly during the wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, from June to December, the winds tend to be more variable in direction and speed due to the influence of tropical waves and thunderstorms. These weather systems can generate strong gusty winds that can reach speeds of up to 40 kilometers per hour (25 miles per hour). In contrast, during the dry season, from January to May, the winds are more persistent from the east-northeast and generally have a more consistent speed.

Dry Season: November – May

The dry season in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, is the ideal time to visit if you’re seeking sun-drenched days and clear skies. This period offers average temperatures ranging from 21°C (70°F) to 32°C (90°F), ensuring pleasant weather for outdoor activities and beach relaxation. December to April are the driest months, boasting minimal rainfall and higher chances of sunshine. The dry season also coincides with the Carnival period in February, allowing visitors to experience the vibrant street parades and energetic festivities.

Rainy Season: June – October

While San Fernando experiences a tropical climate throughout the year, the rainy season brings increased precipitation from June to October. Average temperatures remain consistent with the dry season, but heavy rainfall is more common. The months of June, September, and October witness the highest levels of rainfall, which can impact outdoor plans and dampen sightseeing opportunities. However, during this time, the island’s lush vegetation flourishes, creating breathtaking landscapes and verdant surroundings. The rainy season also coincides with lower visitor numbers, offering travelers a more tranquil and budget-friendly travel experience.

Solar Energy Potential

San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago possesses abundant solar energy potential due to its tropical climate and ample sunlight throughout the year. The average solar radiation level in the city is approximately 5.5 kWh/m2 per day, providing a significant opportunity for solar energy generation. The city’s equatorial location and lack of significant shading from nearby mountains or tall buildings further enhance its suitability for solar energy installations.

Solar Energy Development

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in harnessing solar energy in San Fernando. Several government initiatives and private sector investments have been directed towards promoting the development of solar power projects. The Trinidad and Tobago government has implemented a feed-in tariff (FiT) scheme, which provides financial incentives to homeowners and businesses for installing solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Additionally, the government has established a National Energy Policy that aims to increase the country’s renewable energy generation capacity, including solar energy. These initiatives have stimulated the growth of a solar industry in San Fernando, with several companies offering solar PV system installation and maintenance services.

Hills and Valleys

San Fernando, located in the southwestern region of Trinidad and Tobago, is characterized by a rolling topography dominated by hills and valleys. The city lies within the Northern Range, a mountainous chain that forms a central spine through the island. The region’s hilly landscape is a result of tectonic uplift and subsequent erosion processes. The highest points in San Fernando include Palmiste Hill, standing at 613 meters (2,011 feet), and Hilltop Drive, with an elevation of 305 meters (1,000 feet). These hills provide scenic views of the city and surrounding areas. The valleys and riverbeds that dissect the hilly terrain play a vital role in drainage and water retention.

Coastal Plain and Wetlands

Along the southwestern coast of San Fernando, a narrow coastal plain borders the Gulf of Paria. This plain slopes gently towards the shoreline, creating a relatively flat landscape. The coastal plain is home to important wetlands, such as the Caroni Swamp, renowned for its rich biodiversity and ecological significance. The wetlands are composed of mangroves, swamps, and marshes, which provide critical habitats for numerous species of flora and fauna. They act as natural barriers against coastal erosion, buffer storm surges, and contribute to water purification. The coastal plain also supports agricultural activities, including rice cultivation and fishing.

Piarco International Airport

The closest airport to San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, is Piarco International Airport (POS), situated approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) northwest of the city. It is the primary international airport serving the twin-island nation and offers direct flights to major destinations across the Caribbean, North America, South America, and Europe. Piarco International Airport handles both passenger and cargo operations and is the hub for Caribbean Airlines, the national carrier of Trinidad and Tobago. The airport features modern facilities, including duty-free shopping, dining options, currency exchange services, and ground transportation connections to San Fernando and other parts of the island.

Getting to San Fernando from Piarco International Airport

Travelers arriving at Piarco International Airport can reach San Fernando via several transportation options. Taxis are readily available outside the airport terminal and offer a convenient door-to-door service. The journey to San Fernando typically takes around 45-60 minutes, depending on traffic. Alternatively, public buses operated by the Public Transport Service Corporation (PTSC) depart from the airport and offer a more budget-friendly option, although the travel time may be longer. Rental cars are also available at the airport for those who prefer the flexibility of self-driving. The drive to San Fernando takes approximately 30-45 minutes via the Uriah Butler Highway or the Churchill-Roosevelt Highway.

San Fernando: The Cosmopolitan City

Nestled in the southwest corner of Trinidad, San Fernando is the second-largest city in the country, brimming with a vibrant and diverse population. Known for its cosmopolitan charm, the city seamlessly blends various cultures, creating a rich tapestry of traditions and customs. From the bustling central market, where vendors offer an array of fresh produce and local delicacies, to the lively streets adorned with beautiful colonial architecture, San Fernando exudes a unique ambiance that captivates visitors and locals alike.

Cultural Hub of South Trinidad

San Fernando is a cultural melting pot, where the rhythms of calypso, soca, and chutney resonate through the streets. The city is home to several cultural institutions, including the San Fernando Arts Centre, which showcases the works of local artists, and the Naparima Bowl, a renowned venue for musical performances and sporting events. Additionally, the annual San Fernando Carnival, held before Lent, is a vibrant celebration that brings the city to life with parades, steel pan music, and colorful masqueraders. During this time, San Fernando transforms into a joyful and energetic hub, where cultures collide in a harmonious fusion.