San Fernando Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Philippines

Temperature and Precipitation

San Fernando experiences a tropical climate characterized by consistently high temperatures throughout the year. Average daily temperatures range from 73°F (23°C) to 86°F (30°C), with relatively small seasonal variations. The hottest months are April to June, while the coolest months are December to February. Rainfall is abundant, with an average annual precipitation of around 100 inches (2,500 mm). The wettest months are September to December, during which heavy rainfall is common. During the rest of the year, rainfall is more sporadic and generally less intense.

Wind and Humidity

San Fernando is located on the northwestern coast of the Philippines and is influenced by the northeast monsoon winds, which prevail from December to February. These winds bring cooler and drier conditions. During the southwest monsoon season (May to October), the prevailing winds shift to the southwest, bringing warm and humid air from the ocean. As a result, the humidity levels in San Fernando are generally high, especially during the monsoon season. The relative humidity typically ranges from 70% to 90%, and it can feel muggy at times. However, the coastal location provides some relief as the sea breeze helps to circulate the air and moderate the humidity levels.

Temperature Patterns and Variations

San Fernando, located in the central region of the Philippines, exhibits a tropical climate characterized by consistent warmth throughout the year. The average annual temperature in the city hovers around 27.5°C (81.5°F), with minimal fluctuations between months. The warmest months are March and April, when temperatures can reach an average high of 32°C (89.6°F). In contrast, the coolest months are December and January, with average lows dipping to 22.7°C (72.9°F). These variations are primarily driven by the monsoon seasons, with the southwest monsoon bringing heavy rainfall and slightly cooler temperatures during the summer months, while the northeast monsoon ushers in drier and slightly warmer conditions during the winter months.

Seasonal Influences and Climate Extremes

The seasonal variations in San Fernando’s temperature are relatively mild compared to other regions of the country. During the dry season, which runs from November to April, temperatures tend to be slightly higher, with consistent sunshine and minimal rainfall. The wet season, which spans from May to October, brings increased humidity and frequent thunderstorms, leading to slightly lower temperatures and a more comfortable climate. However, the city is not immune to extreme weather events, including tropical cyclones and heat waves. Tropical cyclones, particularly during the monsoon seasons, can bring torrential rains and strong winds, causing significant flooding and landslides. Heat waves, especially during the summer months, can lead to elevated temperatures and heat-related illnesses.

Cloud Types in San Fernando

San Fernando, Philippines, experiences various cloud formations throughout the year. During the dry season (November to April), the prevailing cloud types are cirrus, cumulus, and stratocumulus clouds. Cirrus clouds are thin and wispy, often appearing at high altitudes. Cumulus clouds are puffy and detached, resembling cotton balls. Stratocumulus clouds are a combination of cirrus and cumulus clouds, forming a gray layer with occasional breaks.

Cloud Patterns

The cloud patterns in San Fernando are influenced by the local topography and prevailing wind patterns. During the dry season, the trade winds blow from the northeast, bringing moisture from the Pacific Ocean. This moisture condenses to form clouds over the mountains and hills surrounding San Fernando. The clouds often dissipate as they move inland, resulting in clear skies over the city centre. During the wet season (May to October), the southwest monsoon brings heavier rainfall and more frequent cloud cover. The clouds are often thicker and lower in altitude, sometimes leading to overcast skies and thunderstorms.

Rainfall Patterns

San Fernando, Philippines, experiences significant rainfall throughout the year, influenced by the region’s tropical climate. The wettest months are typically June to October, with an average rainfall of over 200 millimeters per month. During this period, heavy downpours and thunderstorms are common. The driest months tend to be from January to April, with rainfall averaging around 50-100 millimeters per month. The annual average rainfall in San Fernando is approximately 1,500 millimeters.

Seasonal Variability

The rainfall patterns in San Fernando exhibit seasonal variability. The wet season, which spans from June to October, coincides with the southwest monsoon, bringing moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean. This leads to frequent and intense rainfall, often resulting in localized flooding. The drier season, from January to April, is influenced by the northeast monsoon, which originates from the cooler, drier air masses of Asia. During this time, rainfall is generally lighter and less frequent.

Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall

San Fernando, Philippines, experiences a distinct seasonal distribution of rainfall. The wet season typically spans from May to October, with heavy rainfall occurring during the southwest monsoon. The peak rainfall months are typically July and August. During this period, the city can receive over 500 mm of rainfall monthly. The dry season, on the other hand, lasts from November to April, with minimal rainfall. During this season, monthly rainfall totals are generally below 100 mm.

Long-Term Trends and Variability

Over the past few decades, San Fernando has witnessed a general increase in annual rainfall. This trend is consistent with observations of increasing rainfall intensity and frequency in tropical regions worldwide. However, there is also significant year-to-year variability in rainfall patterns. Extreme rainfall events, such as typhoons and tropical depressions, can bring torrential downpours and cause flooding. The city is particularly vulnerable to these events during the peak rainfall months.

Snowfall in San Fernando, Philippines

Snowfall is a rare occurrence in the Philippines, and San Fernando in the province of Pampanga is no exception. However, on January 23, 1961, San Fernando experienced snowfall, which is considered a record-breaking meteorological event in the country’s history. The snowfall, which lasted for about an hour, was attributed to an unusual cold front that came from Siberia and brought cold and moist air to the region. The snowflakes were as large as golf balls, with some reports indicating that they were as big as fists, causing widespread excitement and amazement among the local population.

Since the 1961 snowfall, there have been no other recorded instances of snowfall in San Fernando or any other part of the Philippines. However, the 1961 event has become a part of local folklore and is often recounted by the older residents of the town. The snowfall has also been the subject of several books and articles, and it remains a fascinating natural phenomenon in Philippine history.

Sunrise and Sunset

In San Fernando, Philippines, the sun rises at approximately 6:00 AM and sets around 6:00 PM during most of the year. However, the exact timing of sunrise and sunset varies slightly depending on the season and the specific day of the year. During the summer months, the sun rises earlier and sets later, while in the winter months, the sun rises later and sets earlier.

Sun Intensity and UV Index

The sun in San Fernando is typically strong, with high intensity throughout the year. The UV index, which measures the intensity of the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays, is generally high, especially during the midday hours. It is recommended to wear sunscreen, sunglasses, and protective clothing when exposed to direct sunlight for extended periods to protect against sunburn and other harmful effects of UV radiation.

Moon’s Appearance and Visibility

In San Fernando, Philippines, the moon rises and sets at various times throughout the year, depending on its phase and the Earth’s rotation. Its appearance can vary from a full moon, when it is completely illuminated, to a new moon, when it is not visible. During a full moon, the moon can reach its highest point in the sky, becoming a prominent sight in the night sky. Its brightness can illuminate the surroundings, allowing for nighttime activities. On the other hand, during a new moon, the moon is not visible as it is positioned between the Earth and the Sun.

Cultural and Lunar Phenomena

The moon has cultural significance in San Fernando, as in many other parts of the Philippines. Traditional beliefs and customs are often associated with the different phases of the moon. For instance, farmers may time their planting and harvesting activities based on the lunar cycle, believing that certain phases are more favorable for crop growth. Additionally, the appearance of a full moon or a new moon may be linked to superstitions and rituals that have been passed down through generations. In modern times, some communities may still observe lunar-based events, demonstrating the ongoing influence of the moon in Philippine culture.

Monthly Humidity Variations

Humidity levels in San Fernando, Philippines, exhibit significant variation throughout the year. The city experiences a tropical wet-and-dry climate, characterized by two distinct seasons: the dry season (November to April) and the wet season (May to October). During the dry season, humidity levels are generally lower, averaging around 60-70%. However, during the wet season, humidity rises considerably, often reaching 80-90%. The high humidity during the wet season is primarily due to increased rainfall and a decrease in wind speeds.

Impact of Humidity on Daily Life

The fluctuating humidity levels in San Fernando can have a noticeable impact on daily life. High humidity levels can make it feel hotter than the actual temperature, as the moisture in the air inhibits sweat evaporation from the skin. This can lead to discomfort, especially during physical activity. Additionally, high humidity can create a breeding ground for mold and mildew, potentially affecting indoor air quality and respiratory health. On the other hand, lower humidity levels during the dry season can contribute to dryer skin and more rapid evaporation of fluids, necessitating increased hydration.

Wind Patterns in San Fernando, Philippines

San Fernando, Philippines, experiences a tropical monsoon climate with distinct dry and wet seasons. During the dry season (December-May), the wind generally blows from the northeast, bringing in cool, dry air from the Asian continent. These winds are typically light to moderate in strength, with speeds averaging around 10-15 kilometers per hour (6-9 miles per hour).

Seasonal Variation in Wind

During the wet season (June-November), the wind direction changes to the southwest, as part of the larger monsoon circulation. These winds bring warm, humid air from the Indian Ocean, resulting in increased rainfall in the region. Wind speeds are generally stronger during the wet season, reaching an average of 15-20 kilometers per hour (9-12 miles per hour). Occasionally, tropical cyclones can pass near or over San Fernando, bringing with them strong winds and heavy rainfall.

Dry Season (November to April)

San Fernando, Philippines enjoys a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season, from November to April, offers the best time to visit due to its pleasant and predictable weather. During this time, the rainfall is minimal, and the temperatures hover around a comfortable 26-30°C (79-86°F). The skies are often clear and sunny, making it ideal for outdoor activities such as swimming, hiking, and exploring the city’s attractions. Additionally, festivals and events are often held during the dry season, adding to the vibrant atmosphere.

Wet Season (May to October)

While the wet season in San Fernando, from May to October, brings more rainfall and humidity, it can also offer certain advantages. During this time, the landscape is lush and green, providing picturesque views. The temperatures remain warm, but the heavy rainfall can lead to occasional flooding and disruptions in some activities. However, the wet season is less crowded, and visitors can enjoy lower rates on accommodation and other services. It is also a good time to experience the local culture, as many indigenous festivals are held during this period.

Potential for Solar Energy

San Fernando, Philippines, enjoys ample sunlight throughout the year, making it an ideal location for solar energy utilization. The city receives an average of 5.5 kWh/m²/day of solar radiation, which is significantly higher than the global average. This abundant solar resource presents a tremendous opportunity for harnessing clean and renewable energy to meet the city’s electricity needs. By installing solar photovoltaic systems, households and businesses can generate their own electricity, reduce their carbon footprint, and contribute to sustainable development.

Government Initiatives

The Philippine government recognizes the potential of solar energy and has implemented various initiatives to promote its adoption. The Department of Energy (DOE) offers financial incentives, such as feed-in tariffs and net metering, to encourage businesses and individuals to invest in solar systems. Additionally, the DOE funds research and development programs to advance solar technologies and make them more affordable. These initiatives demonstrate the government’s commitment to fostering a clean energy future for the country, and San Fernando stands to benefit from these efforts as it explores the potential of solar energy.

Coastal Topography

San Fernando, Philippines, is situated on the southern coast of the island of Luzon. The coastline in this area is characterized by a series of sandy beaches, interspersed with rocky headlands and small bays. The coastal plain is gently sloping, gradually rising towards the interior of the island. The elevation in the coastal areas ranges from sea level to approximately 100 meters above sea level. The coastal topography provides numerous opportunities for tourism and recreation, with popular activities including swimming, sunbathing, and boating.

Inland Topography

Moving inland from the coastal plain, the topography of San Fernando becomes more varied and rugged. The central and northern portions of the city are dominated by a series of rolling hills and valleys. These hills have elevations ranging from 100 to 300 meters above sea level. The hillsides are often covered in lush vegetation, including forests, grasslands, and agricultural fields. The southern part of the city is characterized by a more mountainous landscape, with peaks reaching elevations of over 500 meters above sea level. The mountains in this area are part of the Zambales Mountains, which stretch along the western coast of Luzon. The rugged topography of the inland areas provides opportunities for hiking, mountain biking, and other outdoor activities.

San Fernando Airport

San Fernando Airport (SFE) is the closest airport to the city of San Fernando, La Union, Philippines. It is located approximately 5 kilometers (3 miles) west of the city center. The airport is served by a number of domestic carriers, including Cebu Pacific, PAL Express, and AirAsia. There are regular flights to and from Manila, Cebu, Clark, and other major cities in the Philippines.

Clark International Airport

Clark International Airport (CRK) is another option for air travel to San Fernando. It is located approximately 80 kilometers (50 miles) north of San Fernando, in the province of Pampanga. CRK is a major international airport, with flights to and from destinations in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. There are several daily flights between Clark and San Fernando, operated by PAL Express and AirAsia.

History of San Fernando, Philippines

San Fernando, formerly known as “Culiat,” has a rich and fascinating history dating back to the pre-colonial period. The area was inhabited by the Kapampangan and Aeta peoples, who engaged in agriculture and fishing. In 1571, Spanish conquistadors arrived in the region and established a mission in Culiat. The town was officially founded in 1754 and renamed San Fernando in honor of King Ferdinand VI of Spain. During the Philippine Revolution, San Fernando played a significant role as a stronghold for the Katipunan rebels. After independence, the town continued to prosper and became an important commercial center in Pampanga.

Culture and Festivals

San Fernando is renowned for its vibrant culture and colorful festivals. The most famous celebration is the Giant Lantern Festival, a spectacular display of intricate and oversized lanterns that takes place every December. The festival is a showcase of Filipino craftsmanship and creativity, drawing thousands of visitors from all over the country. Other notable festivals include the Sinukwan Festival, which commemorates the town’s patron saint, and the Culinary Arts Festival, which showcases the region’s famous cuisine. San Fernando is also home to several historical and cultural landmarks, including the San Fernando Cathedral, the Old Parish Church, and the Paskuhan Village, a traditional Filipino Christmas village.