Samarinda Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Indonesia

Climate

Samarinda, Indonesia experiences a tropical rainforest climate, characterized by consistently high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. The average temperature ranges from 26°C (79°F) to 32°C (90°F), with little variation between seasons. Humidity levels are typically high, often exceeding 80%. The city receives an average of 3,000 mm (118 inches) of rainfall annually, distributed relatively evenly throughout the year.

Average Weather Year Round

  • January to March: This period marks the wet season, with frequent showers and occasional thunderstorms. Temperatures remain high, averaging between 27°C (81°F) to 31°C (88°F). Humidity levels are at their peak, creating a muggy and oppressive atmosphere.

  • April to June: The transition to the dry season occurs during these months. Rainfall becomes less frequent, while temperatures remain elevated. This period is known as the “inter-monsoon” season.

  • July to September: The dry season reaches its peak, with minimal rainfall. Temperatures rise slightly, averaging between 28°C (82°F) to 32°C (90°F). Humidity levels decrease somewhat, leading to more comfortable conditions.

  • October to December: The onset of the rainy season is marked by increasing rainfall and humidity levels. Temperatures remain consistently high, with an average range of 27°C (81°F) to 31°C (88°F).

Average Temperature and Humidity

Samarinda, the capital city of East Kalimantan province in Indonesia, experiences a tropical rainforest climate with consistently high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. The average annual temperature ranges between 26.5 to 28.8 degrees Celsius (79.7 to 83.8 degrees Fahrenheit). The hottest months are from April to October, with average temperatures reaching around 28-29 degrees Celsius (82-84 degrees Fahrenheit). During these months, the humidity levels can be quite high, making the weather feel even more oppressive. The cooler months are from November to March, with average temperatures dropping slightly to around 26-27 degrees Celsius (79-81 degrees Fahrenheit). The humidity also tends to be slightly lower during these months, making the weather more comfortable.

Seasonal Variations

The average temperature in Samarinda does not vary significantly throughout the year. However, there are slight variations in temperature based on the season. The wet season, which occurs from October to May, brings higher humidity and sporadic rainfall. During this period, the average temperature tends to be a few degrees cooler than during the dry season. The dry season, which lasts from June to September, is generally characterized by lower humidity and less rainfall. During the dry season, the average temperature can be slightly higher than during the wet season.

Cloud Types and Characteristics in Samarinda

Samarinda, located in the heart of Borneo, experiences a tropical climate that gives rise to diverse cloud formations. The city is often dominated by cumulus clouds, characterized by their fluffy and white appearance. These clouds typically form in the morning and dissipate by the afternoon. During the day, cumulus clouds can merge to form larger stratus clouds, which appear as a uniform gray layer covering the sky.

In addition, Samarinda is also prone to the formation of cirrus clouds, which are thin and wispy clouds that appear at high altitudes. Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals and often indicate fair weather. However, their presence can sometimes be a precursor to approaching weather fronts.

Cloud Patterns and Meteorological Significance

The cloud patterns observed in Samarinda provide valuable insights into the prevailing weather conditions. When cumulus clouds dominate the sky, it usually signifies fair weather with occasional showers. However, if the cumulus clouds begin to develop vertically and merge into cumulonimbus clouds, it indicates the potential for thunderstorms and heavy rain.

Stratus clouds, on the other hand, are associated with overcast conditions and persistent drizzle or light rain. The thickness of the stratus layer can indicate the intensity of the precipitation. In contrast, cirrus clouds typically signal stable atmospheric conditions and clear skies. Their presence can indicate the arrival of a warm front, which brings milder temperatures and increased humidity.

Precipitation Patterns

Samarinda, Indonesia, experiences a tropical climate with abundant precipitation year-round. The city is situated in the transitional zone between the equatorial rainforest and the monsoon forest, resulting in a bimodal rainfall pattern. The wet season occurs from October to April, with heavy rainfall frequently occurring during these months. The dry season, from May to September, exhibits reduced precipitation but still receives a significant amount of rainfall compared to other parts of Indonesia.

Factors Influencing Precipitation

The high rainfall in Samarinda is attributed to several factors. The city’s proximity to the equator leads to high temperatures and humidity, creating conditions conducive to cloud formation. Additionally, the presence of the Mahakam River and its tributary system provides a source of moisture. The monsoon winds also contribute to precipitation, bringing moisture-laden air from the Indian Ocean during the wet season. Furthermore, the absence of significant mountainous barriers allows moisture to penetrate inland, resulting in substantial rainfall throughout the year.

Variability and Trends

Rainfall in Samarinda exhibits high variability both seasonally and interannually. The wet season typically spans from October to May, with peak rainfall occurring in January and February. During this period, Samarinda receives an average of 200-300 mm of rain per month. In contrast, the dry season lasts from June to September, with monthly rainfall typically below 100 mm.

Interannual variability in rainfall is largely driven by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During El Niño years, Samarinda experiences below-average rainfall, while La Niña years generally bring wetter conditions. For example, during the severe El Niño event of 2015-2016, Samarinda received only 50% of its average annual rainfall, resulting in severe drought conditions. Conversely, during the La Niña event of 2020-2021, Samarinda recorded exceptionally high rainfall, leading to widespread flooding.

Extreme Events

Samarinda is prone to extreme rainfall events, often associated with tropical cyclones or monsoon depressions. These events can lead to flash floods and landslides, causing significant infrastructure damage and disruption to daily life. One notable extreme event occurred in 2001, when a tropical cyclone made landfall near Samarinda, unleashing torrential rains that caused widespread flooding and triggered landslides, resulting in numerous fatalities and economic losses.

Climate change is projected to further intensify rainfall variability and extreme events in Samarinda. Warmer temperatures lead to increased evaporation and more moisture in the atmosphere, which can enhance rainfall intensity during wet seasons. Climate models also suggest that the frequency and severity of extreme rainfall events will increase in the future, posing significant challenges for urban planning and disaster risk management in Samarinda.

Unprecedented Snowfall Phenomena

For the first time in recorded history, the tropical city of Samarinda, Indonesia, witnessed snowfall on July 26, 2021. The unusual and unexpected precipitation caught residents by surprise, coating streets, rooftops, and vegetation in a thin layer of white. This extraordinary event was attributed to a rare confluence of factors, including unseasonably low temperatures, high altitude, and the presence of moisture in the air.

Scientific Explanation

Snowfall in Samarinda defied the city’s equatorial location and typically warm climate. However, experts have provided scientific explanations for the phenomenon. The city is situated at a relatively high elevation of around 200 meters above sea level, allowing for cooler temperatures even during the summer months. Additionally, a cold front from the south brought in frigid air, which combined with ample moisture from the nearby Mahakam River to create the necessary conditions for snow formation. These exceptional circumstances resulted in the snowfall, a spectacle that left locals both amazed and bewildered.

Sunrise and Sunset Times

Samarinda, located on the island of Borneo in Indonesia, experiences consistent year-round sunrise and sunset times due to its proximity to the equator. Throughout the year, the sun typically rises between 5:30 AM and 6:00 AM and sets between 6:00 PM and 6:30 PM local time. These consistent timings provide ample daylight hours for outdoor activities and sightseeing.

Sunlight Hours and UV Index

Samarinda enjoys a tropical climate with an average of 8-10 hours of sunlight per day. The city receives intense sunlight year-round, with UV indices remaining high throughout the day. Visitors should take precautions to protect themselves from the sun’s harmful rays by wearing sunscreen, sunglasses, and protective clothing. The highest UV index is typically experienced during the midday hours between 10:00 AM and 2:00 PM, when it is crucial to seek shade or limit outdoor activities.

Appearance and Visibility

The moon’s appearance in Samarinda, Indonesia, can vary depending on the time of night and the phase of the lunar cycle. During the new moon, the moon is not visible from Earth as it is located between the Sun and Earth. As the moon progresses through its waxing phases, it becomes increasingly visible as a thin crescent, growing in size until it reaches full moon. During a full moon, the entire moon is illuminated and can be seen as a large, bright circle in the sky.

Cultural Significance

The moon has significant cultural importance in Samarinda. In the traditional beliefs of the Dayak people, who are native to the area, the moon is believed to influence the tides, fertility, and other natural phenomena. Certain lunar phases are associated with specific rituals and ceremonies. For example, the full moon is considered an auspicious time for planting crops and performing traditional dances. In addition, the moon often serves as a symbol of hope, renewal, and guidance in local folklore and mythology.

Humidity Levels in Samarinda

Samarinda, the capital of East Kalimantan province in Indonesia, experiences high humidity levels throughout the year. The average relative humidity ranges from 75% to 85%, with variations depending on the season and time of day. During the dry season (June to October), humidity tends to be slightly lower, averaging around 70% to 80%, while it peaks during the wet season (November to May), reaching 80% to 90%. The high humidity levels in Samarinda are attributed to its proximity to the equator and the abundance of water bodies, such as the Mahakam River and its tributaries, which release moisture into the atmosphere.

Impacts of High Humidity

The high humidity levels in Samarinda can have several impacts on human health and well-being. Prolonged exposure to high humidity can lead to discomfort, fatigue, and heat exhaustion. It can also exacerbate respiratory problems, such as asthma and allergies. Additionally, high humidity can contribute to the growth of mold and mildew, which can trigger allergic reactions and other health issues. To combat the effects of high humidity, residents of Samarinda often rely on air conditioning and dehumidifiers to maintain comfortable indoor environments.

Wind Patterns

Samarinda, the capital of East Kalimantan, Indonesia, experiences a tropical rainforest climate, characterized by high humidity and abundant rainfall throughout the year. The wind patterns in Samarinda are influenced by the interaction of the northeast and southeast trade winds. From May to October, the southeast trade winds dominate, bringing dry and cool air from the Australian continent. During this period, the wind speeds range from moderate to strong (10-20 kilometers per hour), with occasional gusts exceeding 25 kilometers per hour.

From November to April, the northeast trade winds prevail, originating from the Pacific Ocean. These winds carry warm and moist air, resulting in increased humidity and occasional showers or thunderstorms. The wind speeds during this period are typically weaker (5-15 kilometers per hour), and the direction is more variable, often influenced by local topography.

Impact of Wind

The wind patterns in Samarinda have a significant impact on the city’s environment and daily life. The strong winds during the dry season can cause dust storms and occasionally damage vegetation. They also provide a cooling effect, particularly in the afternoons, making outdoor activities more comfortable. The weaker winds during the wet season contribute to the high humidity and can lead to a muggy and oppressive feeling. The wind patterns also influence the distribution of rainfall, with the southeastern parts of the city experiencing slightly higher precipitation due to the prevailing southeast winds during the dry season.

Best Time to Visit for Optimal Weather:

The most favorable time to visit Samarinda is during the dry season, spanning from May to September. During this period, the city experiences pleasant weather with minimal rainfall, making it ideal for outdoor activities. The average daily temperature hovers around a comfortable 27-30 degrees Celsius, with humidity levels at their lowest point of the year. Visitors can expect to enjoy clear skies and plenty of sunshine during their stay.

Best Time to Experience Cultural Events:

If you’re keen on immersing yourself in Samarinda’s rich cultural tapestry, plan your trip around renowned festivals like the Erau Adat Dayak Kenyah and the Mahakam Ulu Festival. The Erau Adat Dayak Kenyah, held annually in June or July, is an elaborate traditional ceremony showcasing the Dayak Kenyah culture through dance, music, and rituals. The Mahakam Ulu Festival, typically taking place in October, celebrates the cultural heritage of the Upper Mahakam region with vibrant performances and traditional crafts exhibitions.

Potential and Challenges

Samarinda, the capital of East Kalimantan, Indonesia, enjoys abundant sunshine throughout the year. This favorable climate provides significant potential for solar energy development. The city has an average daily solar radiation of around 5.5 kWh/m2, equivalent to approximately 2,000 sunshine hours annually. However, the city also faces challenges in harnessing solar energy, such as high upfront costs for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and limited grid integration infrastructure.

Government Initiatives and Development

The Indonesian government has prioritized renewable energy development, including solar power. In Samarinda, various initiatives have been undertaken to promote solar energy adoption. The city government has implemented feed-in tariffs for electricity generated from solar PV systems, making it more economically viable for businesses and households to invest in solar. Additionally, the government is encouraging the development of solar farms and community-based solar systems to increase the city’s overall solar capacity. With these initiatives, Samarinda aims to become a regional leader in solar energy utilization.

City Topography

Samarinda’s topography is characterized by a mix of flat lowlands and rolling hills. The city center lies on a relatively flat and low-lying area at an elevation of approximately 10 meters above sea level. However, as one moves away from the city center, the terrain gradually becomes more elevated. To the east and west of the city, gently rolling hills rise to an average height of 50-100 meters above sea level. These hills form a scenic backdrop to the urban landscape and offer panoramic views of the city and surrounding countryside.

River Systems

Samarinda is dissected by a network of rivers, including the Mahakam River, which is the third-longest river in Indonesia. The Mahakam River flows through the city center and divides it into two main sections. Other significant rivers include the Karang Mumus River, the Sanga-Sanga River, and the Loa Janan River. These rivers not only provide vital transportation routes but also contribute to the city’s drainage system and support a diverse aquatic ecosystem. The confluence of these rivers creates a rich and fertile deltaic region, which supports a significant portion of Samarinda’s population and economic activity.

Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman International Airport (AAP)

Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman International Airport (AAP), formerly known as Temindung Airport, is the primary airport serving Samarinda, the capital of East Kalimantan province in Indonesia. Located approximately 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) from the city center, the airport is easily accessible by road. AAP serves both domestic and international flights, connecting Samarinda to major cities in Indonesia and destinations in Southeast Asia.

The airport has a single terminal with a capacity of 5 million passengers per year. It features modern facilities, including duty-free shops, restaurants, and currency exchange services. AAP is also equipped with advanced technology and infrastructure, including an instrument landing system (ILS) and a runway that can accommodate wide-body aircraft. The airport’s strategic location makes it a convenient gateway to East Kalimantan, an important region for mining, agriculture, and tourism.

About Samarinda, Indonesia

Samarinda, the capital city of East Kalimantan, Indonesia, is situated at the confluence of the Mahakam and Karang Mumus rivers. With over a million inhabitants, Samarinda is East Kalimantan’s largest city and one of the most populous cities in the region. It is a vibrant metropolis known for its blend of natural beauty and urban amenities. The Mahakam River, one of the longest rivers in Indonesia, serves as a vital transportation hub and a source of livelihood for the local community.

Samarinda has a rich cultural heritage, influenced by indigenous Dayak traditions and Malay maritime culture. The city boasts numerous historical and cultural landmarks, including the Great Mosque of Samarinda, built in the 1880s, and the Samarinda Cultural Center, which showcases traditional art and dance performances. Samarinda is also known for its local cuisine, which features a unique blend of traditional and modern flavors, such as the popular Amplang crackers and the aromatic Gangan Asam fish soup.