Saint-Marc Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Haiti

Average Temperatures

Saint-Marc, Haiti, experiences a tropical climate with consistently high temperatures throughout the year. The average temperature ranges from 25°C (77°F) to 31°C (88°F), with little variation between seasons. The warmest months are July and August, while January and February are slightly cooler. The average annual temperature is 28°C (82°F).

Rainfall and Humidity

Saint-Marc receives significant rainfall year-round, but the heaviest precipitation typically occurs during the summer months (April to October). The average annual rainfall is around 1,600 mm (63 inches), with the wettest months being May, June, and September. The humidity levels are also consistently high, with an average of 80% throughout the year. This high humidity can make temperatures feel even warmer than they actually are.

Average Monthly Temperatures

Saint-Marc, Haiti experiences tropical temperatures year-round, with an average monthly temperature ranging from 24°C (75°F) in January to 28°C (82°F) in July and August. The city has two distinct seasons: a wet season that lasts from April to October and a dry season from November to March. During the wet season, temperatures are slightly higher and humidity is more noticeable, while the dry season brings slightly cooler temperatures and less humidity.

Temperature Variations and Extremes

Daily temperature variations in Saint-Marc are typically small, with lows usually hovering around 20°C (68°F) and highs reaching the mid-30s. However, extreme temperatures have been recorded in the city, with temperatures reaching as high as 40°C (104°F) and dropping as low as 10°C (50°F) in rare cases. These extreme temperatures are typically associated with the transition periods between seasons, when the weather patterns are more volatile.

Cloud Types and Precipitation:

Saint-Marc, Haiti, experiences diverse cloud types throughout the year. During the wet season (May to October), cumulonimbus clouds, characterized by their towering, anvil-shaped tops, dominate the sky. These clouds often produce heavy rainfall and thunderstorms. Cumulus clouds, which appear as puffy, cotton-like formations, are also common during the wet season. During the dry season (November to April), cirrus clouds, composed of ice crystals, are prevalent high in the atmosphere. These clouds are thin and wispy, with a fibrous or feathery appearance.

Influence on Climate and Weather:

Clouds play a significant role in Saint-Marc’s climate and weather patterns. During the wet season, clouds block sunlight, reducing temperatures and increasing humidity. The heavy rainfall associated with cumulonimbus clouds can lead to flooding, particularly in low-lying areas. Conversely, during the dry season, the presence of cirrus clouds can have the opposite effect, allowing more sunlight to reach the ground and resulting in warmer temperatures. Clouds also influence wind patterns, as they can redirect and slow down air currents.

Seasonal Precipitation Patterns

Saint-Marc, Haiti, experiences a tropical monsoon climate characterized by a wet season from April to November and a dry season from December to March. During the wet season, the city receives an average of 200-300 mm of rainfall per month, with the peak occurring in May and October. The dry season is relatively drier, with average monthly rainfall ranging from 50-100 mm.

Annual Precipitation Variability

The annual precipitation in Saint-Marc exhibits considerable variability, influenced by factors such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and tropical cyclones. During El Niño years, the city typically receives below-average rainfall, resulting in drought conditions. In contrast, during La Niña years, Saint-Marc experiences above-average rainfall, leading to flooding and mudslides. Tropical cyclones also play a role in precipitation patterns, occasionally bringing heavy rains and strong winds to the city.

Rainfall Patterns

Saint-Marc, Haiti, experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season typically spans from April to October, with heavy rainfall often accompanied by thunderstorms. During these months, the city receives the majority of its annual precipitation, which averages around 1,300 millimeters (51 inches). The dry season occurs from November to March, with minimal rainfall and a distinct lack of thunderstorms.

Seasonal Variations

The rainfall patterns in Saint-Marc are influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a belt of low atmospheric pressure that brings moisture and precipitation to the region. During the wet season, the ITCZ is located over the Caribbean Sea, allowing moisture-laden trade winds to reach Saint-Marc. As the ITCZ shifts south during the dry season, the city receives less precipitation due to the prevailing dry northeasterly winds. These seasonal variations have a significant impact on the local climate and landscape, with the wet season often causing flooding in low-lying areas and the dry season bringing drought conditions.

Historical Absence of Snowfall in Saint-Marc, Haiti

Saint-Marc, Haiti, a coastal city nestled on the Gulf of Gonâve, has never experienced snowfall historically. The city’s geographical location and climate make it extremely unlikely to receive snowfall. Haiti lies within the tropics, where temperatures typically remain high throughout the year. Additionally, Saint-Marc’s proximity to the ocean further moderates its temperatures, reducing the chances of significant cold spells.

Unprecedented Hailstorm

On October 27, 2022, Saint-Marc witnessed an unprecedented hailstorm that briefly resembled snowfall. The hailstones, ranging in size from small pebbles to golf balls, covered the ground, creating a thin white blanket that could be mistaken for snow. However, this phenomenon was short-lived and not an actual snowfall. The hailstorm was an isolated event caused by atmospheric conditions that allowed for the rapid freezing of moisture in the air. Within hours, the hail melted, leaving no trace of the brief illusion of winter.

Sunrise and Sunset Times in Saint-Marc, Haiti

Saint-Marc, Haiti experiences predictable sunrise and sunset times throughout the year. The sun typically rises between 6:00 AM and 6:30 AM local time and sets between 6:00 PM and 6:30 PM. During the summer months, the days are slightly longer, with sunrise occurring around 5:45 AM and sunset around 7:00 PM. In the winter months, the days are shorter, with sunrise around 6:30 AM and sunset around 5:30 PM.

Sunlight Hours in Saint-Marc, Haiti

Saint-Marc, Haiti enjoys an abundance of sunshine throughout the year. On average, the city receives approximately 8-10 hours of sunlight per day. The sunniest months are typically May through October, when the city experiences up to 12 hours of sunlight per day. The cloudiest months are typically November through April, when the city experiences an average of 6-8 hours of sunlight per day.

Visibility and Appearance

The moon’s visibility and appearance in Saint-Marc, Haiti, vary significantly depending on the time of the month. During new moon, the moon is not visible in the sky, as it is positioned between the Earth and the sun. As the moon progresses through its phases, it becomes gradually more visible, appearing as a crescent or half-moon. Around the time of a full moon, the moon is fully illuminated and appears as a bright, round disk in the night sky. Due to Saint-Marc’s location near the equator, the moon appears higher in the sky than in more northern or southern latitudes.

Cultural and Religious Significance

The moon holds cultural and religious significance in Saint-Marc. In Haitian Vodou, the moon is associated with the deity Ezili, goddess of love, beauty, and water. Ezili is said to influence the moon’s cycles and is often worshipped during full moons. The moon is also seen as a symbol of fertility and new beginnings, and many Haitians observe traditional rituals and ceremonies around the time of a new moon. Additionally, the moon’s light is believed to have healing and protective powers, and it is common to see people in Saint-Marc leaving offerings or performing rituals under the light of the moon.

Average Humidity Levels

Saint-Marc, Haiti, experiences high humidity throughout the year. The average relative humidity ranges from 70% to 85%, with slightly lower levels during the drier months of December and January. The humidity is primarily due to the city’s proximity to the Caribbean Sea and the prevailing trade winds that carry moist air from the ocean.

Impact on Residents

The high humidity in Saint-Marc can be uncomfortable and even dangerous for residents. Prolonged exposure to high humidity levels can lead to heat-related illnesses such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Additionally, the moisture in the air can exacerbate skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. To mitigate the effects of humidity, residents often use air conditioners or fans to circulate air and reduce moisture levels indoors.

Wind Patterns

Saint-Marc, Haiti is situated on the Caribbean Sea’s northern coast and experiences a prevailing easterly trade wind throughout the year. These trade winds typically range in speed from 15 to 20 knots (7.7-10.1 m/s) and are responsible for the relatively cool and pleasant temperatures in the city. During the early morning hours, the winds tend to be calmer, while they strengthen in the afternoon, bringing relief from the heat. However, during winter months, the trade winds can occasionally be interrupted by cold fronts coming from the north, which bring stronger winds and cooler temperatures.

Sea Breeze and Land Breeze

In addition to the trade winds, Saint-Marc also experiences sea and land breeze cycles that influence local wind patterns. During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea, creating a pressure gradient that causes the cooler air over the sea to move towards the land. This results in a sea breeze that typically starts around noon and continues until sunset. In the evening, as the land cools down, the pressure gradient reverses, and the land breeze begins, bringing cooler air from the land towards the sea. This cycle of sea and land breezes contributes to the diurnal temperature variations experienced in Saint-Marc.

Dry Season (November – April)

The best time to visit Saint-Marc, Haiti, is during the dry season, which runs from November to April. During this time, the weather is generally sunny and dry, with average temperatures ranging from 24°C (75°F) to 32°C (90°F). The humidity levels are also lower, making it more comfortable to explore the city and its surroundings. Additionally, the dry season coincides with the annual carnival, which is held in February and March and offers a vibrant and colorful experience.

Wet Season (May – October)

The wet season in Saint-Marc runs from May to October, and is characterized by heavy rainfall and occasional tropical storms. While the weather can be unpredictable during this time, there are still opportunities for sightseeing and enjoying the city’s attractions. However, it’s important to be prepared for sudden downpours, and to take necessary precautions such as bringing rain gear and checking weather forecasts regularly. The wet season is also a time when mosquitoes and other insects are more prevalent, so it’s essential to use insect repellent and wear light-colored clothing.

Potential and Challenges

Saint-Marc, Haiti, possesses abundant solar radiation, making it an ideal location for solar energy development. The average solar insolation in the region ranges from 5 to 6 kWh/m2 per day, providing a significant potential for solar electricity generation. Saint-Marc also has a relatively flat and accessible landscape, which further enhances its suitability for solar infrastructure.

However, developing solar energy in Saint-Marc faces several challenges. The nation has limited access to capital and faces financial constraints, making it challenging to invest in large-scale solar projects. Additionally, the country lacks a well-developed regulatory framework for solar energy, which can create uncertainty and hinder investment. The lack of skilled labor in the solar field also presents a challenge, as local communities may not have the expertise to maintain and operate solar systems effectively.

Existing Projects and Future Prospects

Despite these challenges, Saint-Marc has made progress in developing solar energy. Several small-scale solar projects have been implemented, including a solar-powered water pumping system in the community of Grande Saline. These projects have provided local communities with access to electricity, improved water security, and promoted economic development.

Looking ahead, Saint-Marc has the potential to become a major producer of solar energy. With the right policies, investments, and technical assistance, the region can harness its abundant solar resources and address its energy needs in a sustainable and cost-effective manner. The development of solar energy in Saint-Marc has the potential to transform the local economy, create jobs, and contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable future for the community.

Coastal and Lowlands

Saint-Marc is characterized by a diverse topography, ranging from flat coastal plains to mountainous terrain. The coastal areas of the city are generally low-lying and feature sandy beaches, marshes, and mangroves. The Artibonite River, one of Haiti’s largest rivers, empties into the sea near Saint-Marc, creating a fertile delta suitable for agriculture. These coastal lowlands extend inland for several kilometers, providing a vital area for human settlement and economic activities. The low-lying topography in this region makes it vulnerable to flooding during heavy rainfall and storm surges.

Uplands and Mountains

To the east and west of the coastal lowlands, the terrain gradually rises into the Chaîne des Matheux and Chaîne des Cahos mountain ranges. These mountain ranges form part of the Massif du Nord and provide a dramatic backdrop to the city. The mountains rise to over 1,000 meters in elevation and feature rugged slopes, steep valleys, and a temperate climate. The higher altitudes create a distinct microclimate, supporting diverse flora and fauna not found in the lower elevations. The mountainous terrain also provides opportunities for hiking, ecotourism, and agriculture, particularly coffee cultivation. However, the rugged topography and limited infrastructure can pose challenges for transportation and development in these uphill areas.

Gonaïves Airport (GAX)

Gonaïves Airport is the closest airport to Saint-Marc, Haiti, located approximately 25 kilometers (15 miles) to the north. It serves the city of Gonaïves and the surrounding Artibonite Department. The airport has a relatively short runway, limiting the types of aircraft that can operate there, primarily small propeller planes and regional jets. Gonaïves Airport offers limited commercial flights, with connections to Port-au-Prince and Cap-Haïtien primarily. Passengers seeking international connections or more frequent flight options may need to travel to Toussaint Louverture International Airport in Port-au-Prince.

Toussaint Louverture International Airport (PAP)

Toussaint Louverture International Airport is Haiti’s main international airport, located in Port-au-Prince, approximately 95 kilometers (59 miles) south of Saint-Marc. It is the busiest airport in the country, handling both domestic and international flights. PAP offers a wider range of airlines and destinations compared to Gonaïves Airport, connecting Haiti to cities in North America, the Caribbean, and Europe. Travelers seeking direct international flights or a more extensive choice of departure times may prefer to use Toussaint Louverture International Airport, despite its longer distance from Saint-Marc.

History

Saint-Marc, located in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti, holds a rich historical legacy. It was first established as a French colony in 1691 and served as a major port during the colonial era. The town played a pivotal role in the Haitian Revolution, with its citizens actively participating in the fight for independence. Saint-Marc officially became part of Haiti in 1804, following the country’s declaration of independence from France. Throughout its history, the town has witnessed numerous conflicts and uprisings, leaving an imprint on its cultural and political landscape.

Culture and Economy

Saint-Marc is renowned for its vibrant culture and arts scene. It is home to several historical monuments, including the Church of Saint-Marc, built in the 19th century. The town’s diverse population has preserved its rich cultural traditions, showcasing them through music, dance, and cuisine. Saint-Marc also boasts a bustling economy, with its main industries centered around agriculture and manufacturing. The town serves as a commercial hub for the surrounding Artibonite Valley and has a thriving marketplace where local products and imported goods are traded. Additionally, Saint-Marc hosts a significant tourism industry, attracting visitors with its historical charm, cultural heritage, and proximity to natural attractions like the Bassin Bleu waterfall.