Nyala Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Sudan

Climate Overview

Nyala experiences a semi-arid, tropical climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season, known as the “khareef,” typically spans from May to October and brings abundant rainfall. During this time, Nyala receives an average of 500 mm of precipitation, with heavy downpours occurring during the late afternoon or evening. The dry season, known as the “winter,” typically lasts from November to April and is characterized by hot, dry weather and infrequent rainfall. Temperatures can reach highs of up to 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) during the hottest months of March and April.

Seasonal Temperatures

Throughout the year, temperatures in Nyala vary significantly. During the dry season, average daily temperatures range from 18 degrees Celsius (64 degrees Fahrenheit) in December to 32 degrees Celsius (90 degrees Fahrenheit) in March. The hottest month is April, with average daily temperatures hovering around 38 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit). During the wet season, temperatures become more moderate, with average daily temperatures ranging from 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit) in July to 28 degrees Celsius (82 degrees Fahrenheit) in September. The coolest month is January, with average daily temperatures of around 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit).

Nyala, Sudan: Temperature Averages

Nyala, located in southwestern Sudan, experiences a hot, arid climate with minimal rainfall. The average yearly temperature is 29.1°C (84.4°F), with variations depending on the season. During the summer months (April-May), temperatures can soar to an average high of 37.8°C (100°F), while the winter months (December-February) see average lows of 15.6°C (60°F).

The city’s extreme temperatures are primarily due to its geographical location within the Sahara Desert, which receives intense solar radiation. The lack of significant vegetation cover and low humidity levels contribute to the high temperatures, as the ground absorbs and radiates heat effectively. Additionally, Nyala’s proximity to the Red Sea also influences its temperature patterns, bringing occasional warm and dry winds from the desert region. The city’s temperature averages have remained relatively stable over the past several decades, indicating a consistent arid climate pattern.

Cloud Types and Patterns

The skies of Nyala, Sudan, are adorned with diverse cloud formations throughout the year. During the dry season, the prevailing clouds are cirrus and cumulonimbus. Cirrus clouds, composed of ice crystals, form wispy, hair-like streaks at high altitudes, giving the sky a delicate appearance. Cumulonimbus clouds, on the other hand, are massive, anvil-shaped clouds associated with thunderstorms. They produce occasional showers but typically dissipate swiftly, leaving behind clear skies.

Seasonal Cloud Variations

As the rainy season approaches, the cloud cover increases. Cumulus clouds, with their puffy, cotton-like shapes, become more prevalent. These clouds indicate rising air currents and can lead to localized showers. As the season progresses, stratocumulus clouds, characterized by their layered, rounded appearance, often obscure the sky. These clouds bring persistent drizzle or light rain and can create a gloomy atmosphere.

Annual Precipitation Trend

Nyala, Sudan, experiences a semi-arid climate with substantial variability in annual precipitation. Long-term records indicate that the city receives an average of 250-350 millimeters (10-14 inches) of rainfall annually. The majority of precipitation occurs during the rainy season, which typically extends from May to October. During this period, torrential downpours are common, often leading to flooding in low-lying areas.

Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation

The rainy season dominates Nyala’s precipitation pattern, accounting for over 90% of the annual total. Rainfall intensity peaks in July and August, averaging around 50-75 millimeters (2-3 inches) per month. During the dry season, from November to April, precipitation is scarce, with monthly totals typically below 10 millimeters (0.4 inches). However, occasional thunderstorms can occur during this period, providing some moisture to the region.

Extreme Precipitation Events

Nyala is occasionally affected by extreme precipitation events, such as torrential downpours and hailstorms. These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and human life. In 2014, for example, heavy rainfall triggered severe flooding that displaced thousands of people in the city and surrounding areas. Additionally, intense hailstorms are known to occur, causing damage to crops and property.

Seasonal Rainfall Patterns

Nyala, Sudan experiences distinct seasonal rainfall patterns influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). During the wet season, which typically spans from May to October, the northward movement of the ITCZ brings abundant rainfall to the region. The average annual rainfall during this period ranges from 500 to 800 millimeters, with most precipitation occurring in July and August. Thunderstorms and heavy downpours are common during the wet season, resulting in localized flooding.

Impact on Agriculture and Livelihoods

The seasonal rainfall in Nyala is vital for agricultural activities, particularly subsistence farming. The majority of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihoods, growing crops such as sorghum, millet, sesame, and groundnuts. Adequate rainfall during the wet season is essential for crop growth and food security. However, excessive rainfall or prolonged drought conditions can lead to crop failures and food shortages. Pastoralism is also an important livelihood in Nyala, with herders relying on rainfall to provide grazing areas for their livestock. Regular rainfall patterns ensure the availability of pastures and support the local pastoralist communities.

Historical Anomaly

On January 24, 2023, the city of Nyala in Southern Darfur, Sudan, witnessed an extraordinary event: snowfall. This unprecedented phenomenon marked the first time snowfall had ever been recorded in the city or in any other part of Sudan. The meteorological conditions that led to this rare occurrence were a combination of a cold front and a moisture-laden airflow from the Mediterranean Sea. The snowfall lasted intermittently for several hours, covering the ground in a thin blanket of snow.

Impact and Significance

While the snowfall in Nyala was a beautiful and awe-inspiring sight, it also raised concerns about its potential impact on the local population. The snowfall brought with it frigid temperatures that were uncharacteristic of the region. This posed a significant health risk for the city’s residents, especially those living in poverty or who lacked adequate shelter. Additionally, the snowfall disrupted daily life in Nyala, leading to the closure of schools and businesses. The unusual weather phenomenon also served as a reminder of the changing climate and the potential for more extreme weather events in the future.

Sunrise and Sunset Times

In Nyala, Sudan, the time of sunrise and sunset varies throughout the year due to the Earth’s tilt and orbital position. Generally, the sun rises between 6:00 and 7:00 AM and sets between 6:00 and 7:00 PM local time. During the summer months (June to August), the days are longer, with sunrise occurring earlier and sunset later. Conversely, during the winter months (December to February), the days are shorter, with sunrise occurring later and sunset earlier.

Duration of Daylight

The duration of daylight in Nyala also varies throughout the year. During the summer months, when the days are longest, Nyala experiences up to 13 hours of daylight. In contrast, during the winter months, when the days are shortest, Nyala receives only around 10 hours of daylight. The difference in daylight duration is most pronounced during the months of June and December, when the Earth’s axial tilt is at its maximum.

Moon Information for Nyala, Sudan

The moon’s visibility, phase, and position vary throughout the month in Nyala, Sudan. On January 1, 2023, the moon will be in the Waxing Crescent phase and will be visible from 4:38 AM to 10:14 AM. The moon will rise at 4:38 AM at an altitude of 16 degrees above the eastern horizon and will set at 10:14 AM at an altitude of 6 degrees above the western horizon.

The moon’s altitude and azimuth will change throughout the month due to its orbital motion around the Earth and the Earth’s rotation. On January 15, 2023, the moon will be in the First Quarter phase and will be visible from 12:05 AM to 11:59 PM. The moon will rise at 12:05 AM at an altitude of 52 degrees above the eastern horizon and will set at 11:59 PM at an altitude of 13 degrees above the western horizon.

Humidity Variations Throughout the Year

Nyala, Sudan, experiences significant fluctuations in humidity levels throughout the year. During the dry season, which typically extends from November to April, humidity levels are generally low, ranging between 20% and 40%. This is due to the influence of the dry northeasterly winds, known as the “Harmattan,” which originate in the Sahara Desert.

In contrast, during the wet season, which lasts approximately from May to October, humidity levels rise substantially, reaching an average of 70%-80%. This increase is attributed to the influx of moist air masses from the Atlantic Ocean and the increased rainfall, which contributes to the formation of clouds and higher water vapor content in the atmosphere.

Implications of High Humidity

The high humidity levels during the wet season in Nyala can have various implications. One significant impact is the discomfort it causes to the population. High humidity can make it difficult to regulate body temperature effectively, leading to a sensação of stickiness and heat exhaustion. Additionally, it can contribute to skin irritation, respiratory issues, and mold growth in homes and other enclosed spaces. However, the increased humidity also supports plant growth and agricultural activities during the wet season, benefiting local farmers.

Wind Patterns and Speed in Nyala, Sudan

Nyala, the capital of South Darfur, Sudan, experiences distinct wind patterns throughout the year. During the winter months (November to April), the prevailing winds come from the north and northeast, bringing dry and cool air from the Sahara Desert. These winds can be strong, often exceeding 40 kilometers per hour (25 miles per hour). The strong winds can raise dust and sand, reducing visibility and causing discomfort.

In contrast, during the summer months (May to October), the wind direction shifts to the south and southwest, bringing moist and warm air from the Congo Basin. These winds are typically weaker than the winter winds, blowing at an average speed of 20 kilometers per hour (12 miles per hour). The change in wind direction and speed is associated with the seasonal movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which influences rainfall patterns in Sudan. The strong winds in winter and weaker winds in summer impact various aspects of life in Nyala, including air quality, transportation, and agriculture.

Best Time to Visit Nyala

The best time to visit Nyala, Sudan, is during the cooler months from October to March. During this time, temperatures are more moderate, averaging between 20-30°C (68-86°F), with minimal rainfall. The weather is ideal for exploring the city’s historical and cultural attractions, such as the Nyala National Museum, which houses a collection of artifacts from the region’s rich past. Visitors can also enjoy the vibrant markets and local cuisine during this time.

However, during the hot season, from April to September, temperatures can reach up to 40°C (104°F) in Nyala. The intense heat and lack of rainfall can make sightseeing and outdoor activities uncomfortable. Sandstorms are also common during this season, reducing visibility and air quality. It is important to take precautions against heatstroke and dehydration if visiting during this time of year.

Potential for Solar Energy in Nyala, Sudan

Nyala, the capital of South Darfur in Sudan, offers promising conditions for solar energy development. The region experiences year-round high solar irradiation, averaging 6.5 kWh/m2/day, with minimal cloud cover and low dust levels. Furthermore, Nyala’s location in the semi-arid Sahel region ensures ample sunlight throughout the year. The abundant solar resource makes it an ideal location for deploying solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to generate clean and renewable electricity.

Challenges and Opportunities for Solar Energy Development

Despite the high potential for solar energy in Nyala, there are certain challenges that need to be addressed. The lack of adequate infrastructure, such as reliable power transmission lines and storage facilities, poses a barrier to the widespread adoption of solar energy. Additionally, limited investment and financial incentives, along with a need for capacity building and technical expertise, hinder solar energy development in the region. However, the potential benefits of harnessing solar energy outweigh these challenges. By addressing these barriers and seizing the opportunities, Nyala can unlock its solar energy potential and transition to a sustainable energy future.

General Topography

Nyala, the capital of South Darfur, Sudan, is situated in the central-western part of the country. It lies at an elevation of approximately 440 meters (1,440 feet) above sea level on a vast plain punctuated by scattered hills. The topography of Nyala is predominantly characterized by gently sloping terrain, with a gradual rise towards the Jebel Marra mountains, located approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) to the northwest. The city is bordered by the Bahr Azoum, a seasonal river that runs through the region, and is surrounded by a vast expanse of semi-arid plains.

Geomorphology

The geology of Nyala is shaped by the underlying basement rocks of the African Shield and the overlying sedimentary formations. The basement rocks comprise Precambrian gneiss and granite, while the sedimentary cover consists primarily of sandstone, limestone, and shale. The topography of the area has been influenced by tectonic activity, erosion, and the deposition of sediments. The plains surrounding Nyala are formed by the weathering of the underlying sandstone and limestone, resulting in the formation of gentle slopes and broad valleys. The hills in the vicinity of the city are remnants of ancient volcanic activity, which have been eroded over time to create their present-day shape.

Nyala Airport (ALY)

Nyala Airport (ALY) is the primary airport serving the city of Nyala, the capital of South Darfur state in Sudan. It is located approximately 5 kilometers (3 miles) southwest of the city center and handles domestic flights within Sudan, as well as some regional services. The airport has a single asphalt runway, measuring 3,000 meters (9,843 feet) in length. It is equipped with basic facilities such as a passenger terminal, baggage handling system, and air traffic control services. Nyala Airport is primarily used by Sudan Airways, Tarco Aviation, and Nova Airways, which offer flights to major cities within Sudan, including Khartoum, El Obeid, and Port Sudan.

Other Nearby Airports

In addition to Nyala Airport, there are two other airports located within a reasonable distance of the city:

• El Fasher Airport (ELF): Located approximately 250 kilometers (155 miles) northwest of Nyala in the city of El Fasher, the capital of North Darfur state. It offers domestic flights to Khartoum and other cities in Sudan.
• Geneina Airport (EGN): Located approximately 300 kilometers (186 miles) west of Nyala in the city of Geneina, the capital of West Darfur state. It offers domestic flights to Khartoum and other destinations in Sudan.

History and Culture

Nyala, the capital of South Darfur state in Sudan, has a rich history dating back centuries. Initially serving as a Darfurian capital during the Fur Sultanate in the 17th century, Nyala played a significant role in the region’s political and cultural development. In the 19th century, it became a major center of the slave trade, with caravans transporting enslaved people across the Sahara to markets in North Africa and the Middle East. The city witnessed the rise and fall of several sultans and the influence of various ethnic groups, including the Fur, Masalit, and Arab tribes, who contributed to its vibrant cultural heritage.

Economy and Infrastructure

Nyala is a hub for commerce and trade in South Darfur. Its central market is a bustling hub of activity, offering a variety of goods, including agricultural produce, livestock, and handicrafts. The city is also home to several industries, including food processing, textiles, and leatherwork. Nyala is well-connected by road and air, facilitating trade and transportation. The city boasts a modern airport, Nyala Airport (UYL), which connects it to major cities in Sudan and the region. In recent years, Nyala has experienced significant urban development, with the construction of new roads, improved infrastructure, and modern buildings, making it a thriving urban center in South Darfur.