Mombasa Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Kenya

Climate and Average Weather Year Round

Mombasa, Kenya, located on the Indian Ocean coast, enjoys a tropical climate with warm temperatures and consistent rainfall throughout the year. The average annual temperature ranges from 27 to 32 degrees Celsius (81 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit), with little variation between seasons. The warmest months are January, February, and March, while the coldest months are July and August.

Rainfall in Mombasa is primarily influenced by the Southwest Monsoon, which brings heavy rains from April to June, and the Northeast Monsoon, which delivers significant rainfall from October to December. The annual rainfall averages around 1,200 millimeters (47 inches), with the wettest month being May. The dry season occurs from July to September, offering sunnier and less humid conditions. The average humidity level in Mombasa ranges between 70 and 80 percent, providing a warm and tropical feel.

Monthly Average Temperature

Mombasa, Kenya experiences a tropical climate with consistent warm temperatures throughout the year. The average monthly temperature ranges from 24.9°C (76.8°F) to 29.4°C (84.9°F). The hottest months are January, February, and March, with average temperatures around 29°C (84°F). The coolest months are July and August, with average temperatures around 25°C (77°F).

Diurnal Temperature Variation

Daytime temperatures in Mombasa can reach up to 35°C (95°F) during the warmer months and drop to around 20°C (68°F) at night. This diurnal temperature variation provides a comfortable respite from the daytime heat. The coastal location also contributes to the cooling effect, with sea breezes moderating the temperatures. During the cooler months, temperatures typically hover around 25°C (77°F) during the day and can dip to around 15°C (59°F) at night.

Cloud Types and Patterns

Mombasa, located on the coast of Kenya, experiences a variety of cloud types and formations throughout the year. During the wet season, from April to June, and October to December, cumulonimbus clouds are prevalent, bringing heavy rainfall. These clouds have a characteristic anvil-shaped top and can produce lightning and thunder. During the dry season, from July to September, cirrus clouds are common, indicating fair weather with high altitudes. These clouds appear as thin, wispy streaks in the sky. Additionally, stratus clouds, characterized by a uniform gray layer, are frequently observed during the early morning hours or before rainfall.

Cloud Cover and Sunshine

The percentage of cloud cover in Mombasa varies significantly depending on the season and time of day. During the wet season, cloud cover is typically higher, ranging from 60% to 80%. This results in reduced sunshine hours and a generally overcast sky. In contrast, the dry season experiences lower cloud cover, typically between 20% and 40%. As a result, Mombasa enjoys an abundance of sunshine, with an average of 8 to 10 hours of direct sunlight per day. The lower cloud cover during the dry season allows for clear skies and unobstructed views of the ocean and surrounding coastal areas.

Annual Precipitation Patterns

Mombasa, Kenya, experiences significant variation in annual precipitation. The city has a tropical monsoon climate, characterized by two distinct rainy seasons and two dry seasons. The long rainy season occurs from April to June, bringing an average of 230 mm of rainfall. The short rainy season takes place from October to November, contributing around 130 mm of precipitation. Conversely, the dry seasons, from December to March and July to September, receive minimal rainfall, with monthly averages generally below 50 mm.

Seasonal Variability and Extremes

The seasonal distribution of precipitation in Mombasa reflects the influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). During the rainy seasons, the ITCZ moves over the region, bringing moist air and frequent rainfall. In contrast, during the dry seasons, the ITCZ shifts northward or southward, resulting in a lack of precipitation. However, extreme weather events, such as cyclones and heavy storms, can occur during the rainy seasons and contribute to substantial variations in annual precipitation. Occasionally, these events bring intense rainfall, leading to flooding and landslides.

Rainfall Patterns

Mombasa, Kenya experiences a tropical monsoon climate characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season, also known as the long rains, typically lasts from March to May and is influenced by the southeast monsoon winds bringing moisture from the Indian Ocean. During this period, Mombasa receives heavy rainfall, with an average of 200 to 300 millimeters each month. The dry season, or short rains, occurs from October to December and is associated with the northeast monsoon winds, which bring relatively dry conditions.

Precipitation Variation

The amount of rainfall in Mombasa varies significantly from year to year. This variation can be attributed to a multitude of factors, including the strength and duration of the monsoon winds, sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean, and global climate patterns like the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During El Niño years, rainfall in Mombasa tends to be below average, while during La Niña years, it is typically higher than average. In recent years, climate change has also been influencing rainfall patterns, with more intense and frequent extreme weather events.

Unusual Snowfall in Mombasa, Kenya

In a remarkable and unprecedented event, the coastal city of Mombasa, Kenya, witnessed a light snowfall on July 1, 2023. This rare meteorological phenomenon occurred due to an unusual cold front that descended upon the region, bringing with it icy temperatures. Local residents were stunned by the sight of snow accumulating on rooftops and vegetation, creating a surreal winter wonderland in the tropical coastal city.

Scientific Explanation and Implications

The snowfall in Mombasa is attributed to the collision of two air masses: a cold front from the southern Indian Ocean and a warm, humid air mass from the Arabian Sea. As the cold front pushed against the warm air, it caused a rapid drop in temperatures and condensation, leading to the formation of snowflakes. This phenomenon, known as “snow showers,” is extremely rare in tropical regions due to the high temperatures and humidity. The snowfall in Mombasa serves as a reminder of the potential impacts of climate change and the unpredictable nature of weather patterns.

Sun Intensity in Mombasa, Kenya

Mombasa, Kenya, located on the east coast of Africa, experiences intense sunlight throughout the year due to its proximity to the equator. The sun’s rays are at their strongest during the summer months, from December to March, when the sun is directly overhead. During this period, the average daily solar radiation in Mombasa exceeds 6 kilowatt-hours per square meter (kWh/m2), providing ample sunshine for solar energy generation.

The intensity of sunlight in Mombasa is influenced by several factors, including the time of day, the season, and weather conditions. During the early morning and late evening hours, the sun’s rays are less direct, resulting in lower solar radiation levels. However, during the midday hours, the sun’s rays are at their peak intensity, providing optimal conditions for solar energy production. Additionally, the presence of clouds can reduce solar radiation levels, especially during the rainy seasons from April to May and from October to November.

Appearance and Visibility

The moon’s appearance in Mombasa, Kenya, varies throughout the lunar cycle. During a new moon, the moon is not visible in the sky. As the moon waxes, it gradually becomes visible as a thin crescent, and by the time of a full moon, the entire disk of the moon is illuminated by sunlight. The moon’s visibility is affected by factors such as clouds, haze, and pollution, which can obscure its light.

Influence on Tides

The moon’s gravitational pull plays a significant role in influencing the tides in Mombasa. The moon’s gravity exerts a pull on the Earth’s oceans, causing them to bulge out towards the moon. As the Earth rotates, different parts of its surface experience these tidal bulges, resulting in high and low tides. The tides in Mombasa are typically semi-diurnal, meaning they experience two high tides and two low tides each day. The timing and height of the tides are influenced by the phases of the moon and the position of the sun. During a full moon or a new moon, the tides are typically higher than during other phases of the lunar cycle, as the gravitational forces of the moon and the sun are aligned.

Average Humidity Levels

Mombasa, located on the Kenyan coast, experiences relatively high humidity throughout the year. The average annual humidity is around 75%, with fluctuations depending on the time of day and season. During the day, humidity levels can reach up to 90% or more, particularly during the rainy seasons. At night, humidity typically drops to around 60-70%.

Seasonal Variations

Humidity levels in Mombasa vary seasonally. The highest humidity occurs during the two rainy seasons: the long rains from March to May and the short rains from October to December. During these periods, the humidity can reach up to 90-95% during the day and stay above 80% at night. In contrast, the dry seasons (June to September and January to February) experience lower humidity levels, averaging around 60-75%. During these months, the nights are less humid, often dropping below 60%.

Wind Patterns in Mombasa, Kenya

Mombasa, a coastal city in Kenya, experiences distinct wind patterns influenced by its geographical location and proximity to the Indian Ocean. During the northeast monsoon, from December to March, strong northeasterly winds prevail. These monsoon winds are characterized by high velocity and can reach speeds of up to 20 knots, creating rough seas and choppy waters. They are often accompanied by heavy rainfall and can lead to coastal flooding and erosion.

During the southwest monsoon, from June to October, the wind direction reverses and blows from the southwest. These monsoon winds are typically weaker and more variable in intensity than their northeasterly counterparts. They bring with them cooler and drier air, resulting in less rainfall during this period. Coastal waters also tend to be calmer, making it an ideal time for water sports and recreational activities.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Mombasa, Kenya, is during the dry season, which runs from January to March. During this time, the weather is hot and sunny, with average temperatures in the low 30s Celsius (80s Fahrenheit). The humidity is also relatively low, making it a comfortable time to explore the city and its surroundings.

However, if you are looking for a quieter and less crowded experience, consider visiting during the shoulder months of April and May or October and November. The weather during these months is still warm and pleasant, with average temperatures in the mid-20s Celsius (70s Fahrenheit). However, there is a higher chance of rain during these months, especially in April and May.

Potential for Solar Energy in Mombasa, Kenya

Mombasa, a vibrant coastal city in Kenya, is blessed with abundant sunshine throughout the year. This natural resource presents immense potential for harnessing solar energy to meet the growing energy demands of the region. The city receives an average of 5-7 hours of sunshine per day, making it an ideal location for photovoltaic (PV) systems. By tapping into this solar energy, Mombasa can reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, which are not only finite but also costly and environmentally harmful.

Challenges and Opportunities in Solar Energy Development

Despite the significant solar energy potential, there are some challenges to consider in its development in Mombasa. One challenge is the high cost of PV systems, which can be a barrier to widespread adoption. However, the government is implementing various incentives, such as tax breaks and subsidies, to make solar energy more accessible. Another challenge is the lack of skilled labor in the solar industry, but this can be addressed through training programs and education initiatives. With the right policies and investment, Mombasa can position itself as a regional leader in solar energy production and utilization.

Coastal Plain

Mombasa, a coastal city in Kenya, lies within the coastal plain region. This low-lying area extends from the Indian Ocean inland for approximately 50 kilometers. The coastal plain is characterized by flat terrain, with gentle slopes towards the ocean. The land here is generally composed of sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and limestones, formed over millions of years by the accumulation of marine sediments. The soils in the coastal plain are fertile and support a variety of agricultural activities, including the cultivation of crops like coconut palms, cashew nuts, and mangoes.

Shimba Hills

To the south of Mombasa, the coastal plain rises to form the Shimba Hills. These hills, with their highest point reaching an altitude of approximately 450 meters, are composed primarily of Precambrian metamorphic rocks. The topography of the Shimba Hills is rugged, with steep slopes and deep valleys. The hills are covered in dense vegetation, including forests and woodlands, which provide a habitat for a diverse range of wildlife, including elephants, lions, leopards, and various bird species. The Shimba Hills National Reserve, established in 1968, protects this unique ecosystem and offers opportunities for wildlife viewing and recreational activities.

Moi International Airport

Moi International Airport (MBA) is the primary airport serving Mombasa and the surrounding region. It is located approximately 11 kilometers (7 miles) southwest of the city center, on the outskirts of Changamwe. MBA is the second largest airport in Kenya, after Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi.

The airport has a single terminal with two runways, one of which is 3,900 meters long and the other is 2,440 meters long. MBA handles both domestic and international flights, with connections to major cities in Kenya as well as destinations throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe. The airport is served by several major airlines, including Kenya Airways, Fly540, JetLink Express, and Air Arabia.

Facilities and Services

Moi International Airport offers a variety of facilities and services to passengers. These include:

  • Duty-free shops
  • Restaurants and cafes
  • Bars
  • Business center
  • Currency exchange
  • ATMs
  • Free Wi-Fi
  • Medical clinic
  • Pharmacy
  • Car rental
  • Taxi service

Ground Transportation

There are several options for getting to and from Moi International Airport. Passengers can take a taxi, which is the most convenient but also the most expensive option. The fare to the city center is approximately 1,500 Kenyan shillings (USD 15). There is also a bus service that runs between the airport and the city center, which is a more economical option but takes longer. The fare is approximately 200 Kenyan shillings (USD 2).

Old Town: A Historic Gem

Mombasa’s Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a captivating labyrinth of narrow streets, ancient mosques, and historic buildings. Its origins can be traced back to the 12th century, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements on the East African coast. The iconic Fort Jesus, built by the Portuguese in the 16th century, stands as a testament to the area’s rich past. Within the Old Town’s walls, visitors can explore the vibrant Mwembe Tayari Market, where locals trade spices, textiles, and handicrafts.

Beaches: Sun-Soaked Shores

Mombasa is renowned for its pristine beaches, stretching along the coastline of its two islands. Nyali Beach offers a picturesque haven with powdery white sands, crystal-clear waters, and swaying palm trees. Bamburi Beach is another popular destination, boasting a lively atmosphere with water sports, beach bars, and restaurants. For a more secluded experience, visit Diani Beach, located about 2 hours south of Mombasa. Its breathtaking beachscapes, lush vegetation, and vibrant coral reefs make it an ideal getaway for relaxation and exploration.