Medina Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Saudi Arabia
Summer (May to September)
Medina experiences scorching summers, with average temperatures reaching 40°C (104°F) or higher. The relentless heat, combined with low humidity, can be oppressive at times. Dust storms and sandstorms are common occurrences, reducing visibility and making outdoor activities uncomfortable. The sun is relentless throughout the day, and even evenings provide little respite from the heat.
Winter (November to March)
Winters in Medina are relatively mild, with average temperatures ranging from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). Nights can be chilly, with temperatures occasionally dropping below 10°C (50°F). The weather is generally pleasant, with occasional rainfall. The skies are often clear, allowing for plenty of sunshine during the day. However, temperatures can fluctuate, and cold spells with strong winds are not uncommon.
Seasonal Averages
Medina, a holy city in Saudi Arabia, experiences extreme temperatures that vary significantly between seasons. The hottest months are July and August, with average temperatures soaring between 35°C (95°F) and 40°C (104°F). During this period, the city is characterized by scorching heat and low humidity, making outdoor activities challenging. Conversely, the winter months, December to February, bring a welcome respite from the heat, with average temperatures ranging from 15°C (59°F) to 25°C (77°F).
Annual and Monthly Variability
The average annual temperature in Medina is approximately 28°C (82°F). However, this figure masks the significant monthly fluctuations. Summer temperatures often exceed 40°C (104°F), while winter nights can drop below 10°C (50°F). The city receives minimal rainfall throughout the year, with most precipitation occurring in the winter months. The lack of rainfall contributes to the arid climate and low humidity levels, further exacerbating the summer heat.
Types of Clouds in Medina
Medina experiences various cloud formations throughout the year, each with its distinct characteristics. During the summer months, cirrus clouds often dominate the sky, appearing as wispy and feathery streaks. These clouds are composed of ice crystals and are typically found at high altitudes. As the temperature drops at night, cumulus clouds may form, characterized by their puffy and cauliflower-shaped appearance. Cumulonimbus clouds, associated with thunderstorms, can also occur in Medina, bringing heavy rainfall and occasional hailstorms.
Cloud Coverage and Precipitation
Cloud coverage in Medina is generally lower during the summer and higher during the winter and spring seasons. The average cloud cover during the hottest month, August, is typically around 20%, while in January, the coldest month, it can reach up to 40%. The presence of clouds significantly influences precipitation patterns in Medina. During the summer, the low cloud coverage results in limited rainfall, with an average of only 100-200 millimeters per year. However, during the winter and spring months, higher cloud coverage leads to more frequent and heavier rainfall, contributing to the city’s annual precipitation.
Annual Precipitation
Medina receives an average of 3.1 inches of precipitation per year, making it one of the driest cities in the world. The majority of this precipitation falls during the winter months, from November to February. The city typically experiences occasional light showers during this period. In contrast, the summer months from May to September are extremely dry, with几乎没有降水.
Rainfall Patterns
The distribution of precipitation in Medina is highly variable. The city can go years without receiving any significant rainfall. However, occasional heavy downpours can occur, particularly during the winter months. These downpours can cause flash flooding and disrupt transportation and daily life. The erratic nature of rainfall makes it difficult for the city’s residents to rely on rainwater for their water supply. As a result, Medina has a highly developed system of dams and reservoirs to store water for human consumption and agricultural purposes.
Rainfall Patterns
Medina, Saudi Arabia experiences an arid climate with extremely low rainfall throughout the year. The average annual precipitation is less than 10 millimeters, making it one of the driest cities in the world. Rainfall is scarce and sporadic, occurring mainly during the winter months between November and March. However, the intensity of rainfall can be highly variable, with occasional heavy downpours causing flooding.
Factors Influencing Rainfall
The lack of rainfall in Medina is primarily due to its location in the rain shadow of the Hejaz Mountains. These mountains block moisture-carrying clouds from the west, resulting in minimal precipitation. Additionally, the city’s distance from major water bodies and its high atmospheric pressure further contribute to its arid conditions. The prevailing winds from the east and northeast also carry little moisture, leading to low humidity and scant rainfall. As a result, Medina faces water scarcity and relies heavily on desalination for its water supply.
Historical Snowfall Event
Snowfall is a rare occurrence in the city of Medina, Saudi Arabia. However, on January 16, 2021, the city experienced an unprecedented blizzard that blanketed the city in snow for the first time ever. The heavy snowfall was accompanied by freezing temperatures and strong winds, causing widespread disruption and excitement among the local population. The snow remained on the ground for several hours before gradually melting, leaving behind a picturesque winter wonderland in the heart of the Arabian Peninsula.
Scientific Explanation
The snowfall in Medina can be attributed to a convergence of several factors. Firstly, a cold air mass moved into the region from the north, bringing with it low temperatures and moisture. Secondly, a low-pressure system formed over the Red Sea, drawing warm, moist air from the south. As these two air masses met, the warm air was forced to rise, cooling and condensing into snow. The combination of freezing temperatures and the moisture content of the air resulted in the city experiencing snowfall. The snowstorm lasted for approximately 24 hours before the weather conditions gradually improved.
Sunrise and Sunset Times
Medina, Saudi Arabia, experiences significant variation in sunrise and sunset times throughout the year due to its location near the Tropic of Capricorn. The longest day of the year occurs around June 21st, when the sun rises at approximately 5:30 AM and sets at around 6:45 PM. Conversely, the shortest day of the year falls around December 21st, with sunrise occurring around 6:45 AM and sunset at approximately 5:15 PM. These timings provide ample daylight hours for outdoor activities and daily routines.
Solar Radiation and Temperature
Medina receives abundant solar radiation year-round, with an average of over 3,000 hours of sunshine annually. This intense sunlight contributes to the city’s sweltering summer temperatures, which can soar above 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit). However, the nights are typically cooler, with temperatures dropping to around 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit). During the winter months, temperatures are generally mild, with daytime highs ranging from 20 to 25 degrees Celsius (68 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit) and nighttime lows dropping to around 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit).
Islamic Significance of the Moon in Medina
Medina holds immense religious significance for Muslims due to its status as the city where Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) lived and established the Islamic state. The moon plays a crucial role in Islamic practices, including determining the beginning of the lunar months and the timing of religious rituals. In Medina, the appearance of the crescent moon marks the commencement of a new month, including the Islamic calendar’s most sacred months such as Ramadan and Dhul-Hijjah.
Astronomical Importance of the Moon in Medina
Medina’s location in western Saudi Arabia makes it an ideal place for moon observation. The region’s clear skies and low light pollution provide optimal conditions for observing celestial bodies. Astronomers have utilized Medina’s skies for centuries to study the moon’s phases, lunar eclipses, and other astronomical events. The city has been home to observatories and research centers dedicated to advancing the understanding of the moon and its influence on the Earth’s system.
Seasonal Humidity Variation
Medina’s humidity levels fluctuate significantly throughout the year, primarily influenced by its proximity to the Red Sea and the region’s arid climate. During the summer months (June-September), humidity levels soar, with average relative humidity reaching around 80%. The hot, humid air can be oppressive, especially during the peak of the day. In contrast, during the winter months (December-February), humidity levels drop considerably, with average relative humidity falling to around 50%. The cooler temperatures and lower humidity make this period more tolerable for outdoor activities.
Daily Humidity Fluctuations
Medina also experiences significant daily fluctuations in humidity. In the morning, humidity levels are typically at their highest, often reaching 80-90% before sunrise. As the day progresses, humidity levels gradually decrease as the temperatures rise. By midday, relative humidity usually falls to around 60-70%. Towards evening, humidity levels start to rise again, reaching their peak just after sunset. This daily humidity cycle is driven by temperature changes and the evaporation and condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere.
Wind Speed and Direction
Medina experiences variations in wind speed and direction throughout the year. During the summer months, the wind tends to be moderate to fresh, with speeds ranging between 10-25 km/h. The prevailing wind direction during this period is from the west-southwest, bringing in warm and dry air. In contrast, during the winter months, the wind becomes lighter, with speeds typically below 15 km/h. The wind direction shifts towards the north-northeast, bringing in cooler and more humid air.
Seasonal Wind Patterns
Medina experiences distinct seasonal wind patterns that influence its climate. The summer season, from June to September, is characterized by the Shamal wind, a hot and dusty wind that blows from the northwest. The Shamal can reach speeds of up to 60 km/h, creating a challenging and uncomfortable environment. The winter season, from December to February, brings the Badiyah wind, a cold and dry wind that originates from the Arabian Peninsula. The Badiyah can also be strong, reaching speeds of up to 40 km/h, and can cause temperatures to plummet.
Best Time to Visit Medina for Pilgrimage
The optimal time to visit Medina for pilgrimage is during the months of Shawwal and Zul Hijjah, which typically fall between May and August. This period signifies the end of Ramadan and coincides with the annual Hajj pilgrimage. During this time, the city is bustling with pilgrims from around the world, creating a spiritual and communal atmosphere. However, it’s important to note that this coincides with peak season, so expect large crowds and higher accommodation costs.
Best Time to Visit Medina for Non-Pilgrimage Travel
If you’re not planning to undertake the pilgrimage, the best time to visit Medina is during the shoulder season, from April to May and September to October. The weather is pleasant, with moderate temperatures and fewer crowds, making it ideal for exploring the city’s historical and religious sites. Additionally, hotel rates tend to be lower during this time, providing a more budget-friendly travel experience. However, it’s worth noting that some attractions may have restricted hours during off-season months.
Potential for Solar Energy in Medina
Medina, Saudi Arabia, boasts a prime location for harnessing solar energy with its abundance of sunshine and clear skies. The city receives an average of 3,300 hours of sunlight per year, with peak solar radiation levels ranging from 5.5 to 6.5 kWh/m2/day. This makes Medina an ideal location for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, which convert sunlight directly into electricity.
The Saudi government has recognized the potential of solar energy in Medina and has implemented several initiatives to promote its development. In particular, the King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (K.A.CARE) has established a research center in Medina dedicated to studying and developing solar technologies. Additionally, the Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) has set a target of generating 40% of the country’s electricity from renewable sources by 2030, with a significant portion of this target to come from solar power in regions like Medina.
Topography of Medina
Medina, nestled in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, lies in a vast and relatively flat plain, bordered by the Sarawat Mountains to the east and the Hejaz Mountains to the west. The city itself is situated in an intermontane basin, at an elevation of approximately 600 meters (1,970 feet) above sea level. The terrain within the city is gently undulating, with no significant hills or valleys. The surrounding plains are composed primarily of sand and gravel, with scattered outcrops of granite and sandstone.
The Sarawat Mountains, a rugged and mountainous range, form a prominent barrier to the east of Medina, with peaks reaching heights of over 2,000 meters (6,560 feet). These mountains are composed largely of igneous and metamorphic rocks and create a stark contrast to the flat and sandy terrain of the plains. The Hejaz Mountains, to the west of Medina, are less imposing than the Sarawat Mountains, with lower elevations and gentler slopes. They are composed primarily of sedimentary rocks and are characterized by a series of rolling hills and occasional plateaus. The presence of these mountain ranges influences the climate of Medina, providing a degree of shelter from the prevailing winds and contributing to the relatively dry conditions in the city.
Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz International Airport
Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz International Airport (MED), also known as Medina Airport, is the primary airport serving Medina, Saudi Arabia. Located approximately 15 kilometers (9 miles) northwest of the city center, it is the fourth-busiest airport in the country by passenger traffic. The airport features one main terminal building, which was expanded and renovated in 2015. It has a capacity of 8 million passengers per year and offers domestic and international flights. Major airlines operating from MED include Saudi Arabian Airlines, Flynas, Air Arabia, and Turkish Airlines. The airport provides a range of amenities and services, including duty-free shops, restaurants, and prayer rooms.
Other nearby airports
In addition to Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz International Airport, there are several other airports within a reasonable driving distance of Medina. These include:
- Yanbu Industrial City Airport (YNB): Approximately 150 kilometers (93 miles) west of Medina, primarily serving industrial operations.
- Ha’il Airport (HAS): About 250 kilometers (155 miles) north of Medina, offering domestic flights and limited international connections.
- Jeddah International Airport (JED): Approximately 400 kilometers (250 miles) west of Medina, a major international hub with flights to destinations worldwide.
However, these airports are significantly farther away from Medina than Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz International Airport and may not be as convenient for travelers seeking direct flights or shorter travel times.
Cultural and Religious Significance
Medina, located in western Saudi Arabia, is the second holiest city in Islam after Mecca. It is revered as the “City of the Prophet” as it was the site of Muhammad’s migration (hijra) from Mecca in 622 CE. The Prophet’s Mosque, built around Muhammad’s house, is one of the most important religious sites in Islam, attracting millions of pilgrims annually. Medina is also home to other significant Islamic landmarks, including the Quba Mosque, Mount Uhud, and the Seven Mosques. Its rich religious heritage has made it a destination for scholars, pilgrims, and tourists from around the world.
Historical Importance
Medina’s historical importance extends beyond its religious significance. It played a pivotal role in the early history of Islam, serving as the political and military headquarters of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers. After migrating from Mecca, Muhammad established the first Islamic state in Medina, known as the Ummah. The city witnessed significant battles between Muslims and their opponents, including the Battle of Badr and the Battle of Uhud. Medina also played a key role in the spread of Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula and beyond, as it became a center for learning and religious dissemination. Its historical legacy continues to captivate historians, researchers, and individuals interested in the origins and development of Islam.