Makurdi Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Nigeria

Temperature and Precipitation

Makurdi experiences a tropical wet and dry climate with distinct seasons. The year is divided into two main periods: the wet season, which runs from April to October, and the dry season, which spans from November to March. During the wet season, heavy rainfall is frequent, with an average monthly precipitation of over 100 mm. August is the wettest month, with an average rainfall of 215 mm. The dry season is characterized by hot and dry conditions, with little or no precipitation. The hottest months are March and April, with average temperatures reaching around 34°C.

Humidity and Wind

Relative humidity levels in Makurdi are generally high throughout the year, particularly during the wet season. The average yearly relative humidity is around 75%, with peak levels reaching over 90% in August and September. Prevailing wind patterns are typically north-easterly during the dry season and south-westerly during the wet season. During the dry season, the harmattan, a dry and dusty wind from the Sahara Desert, often affects the region, causing hazy conditions.

Average Annual Temperature

Makurdi, the capital of Benue State in Nigeria, experiences consistently hot weather throughout the year. The average annual temperature hovers around 27.8°C (82°F), with only slight variations between seasons. During the hottest months, March and April, temperatures can reach up to 33.3°C (92°F). However, even during the coldest months, November and December, temperatures rarely drop below 22.2°C (72°F).

Seasonal Variations

Makurdi’s climate is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The rainy season typically begins in April and lasts until October, bringing abundant rainfall and slightly increased humidity. During this period, temperatures may fluctuate slightly, with occasional thunderstorms bringing temporary relief from the heat. The dry season, on the other hand, extends from November to March and is marked by hot, dry winds and a significant drop in humidity. Despite the seasonal variations, Makurdi remains a warm city year-round, with consistently high average temperatures.

Mean Cloud Cover

Makurdi, a city in central Nigeria, experiences a tropical wet and dry climate characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The mean cloud cover over the year varies significantly due to these seasonal changes. During the wet season, which typically spans from April to October, the mean cloud cover is high, with an average of 70-80% coverage. This is a result of increased precipitation and moisture in the atmosphere. Conversely, during the dry season, from November to March, the mean cloud cover is significantly lower, dropping to an average of 20-30%. The reduced cloud cover is primarily attributed to the decreased precipitation and drier atmospheric conditions associated with the harmattan, a dry wind that originates from the Sahara Desert.

Cloud Types

Makurdi’s cloud cover consists of various cloud types that occur throughout the year. Cumulus clouds are common during both wet and dry seasons, appearing as puffy, white cotton-like formations. Stratus clouds, characterized by their uniform gray layer, are prevalent during the wet season and can lead to overcast conditions. During the dry season, cirrus clouds, which are thin, wispy, and high-altitude clouds, are often observed. Cumulonimbus clouds, associated with thunderstorms, occur during the wet season and can produce heavy rainfall and lightning. Altocumulus and altostratus clouds are also observed occasionally and can indicate approaching weather changes. The occurrence of these cloud types and their variations contribute to the dynamic and changing cloud cover patterns experienced in Makurdi.

Climatic Overview

Makurdi, the capital of Benue State in Nigeria, experiences a tropical savanna climate characterized by alternating wet and dry seasons. The wet season typically spans from April to October, with heavy rainfall. During this period, Makurdi receives an average of 1600mm of precipitation, primarily as thunderstorms and downpours. The annual rainfall can, however, exhibit significant variability due to the influence of inter-annual climate oscillations such as El Niño and La Niña.

Seasonal Variations

Precipitation in Makurdi is highly seasonal, with distinct wet and dry periods. The wettest months are August and September, when the city typically receives over 200mm of rainfall each. Conversely, the dry season extends from November to March, characterized by minimal precipitation. During these months, rainfall is limited to occasional drizzle and short-lived thunderstorms. The transition between wet and dry seasons is often marked by brief periods of drought or flooding, depending on the severity and timing of the monsoon.

Precipitation Patterns in Makurdi

Makurdi, the capital of Benue State in central Nigeria, experiences a distinct pattern of rainfall. The city lies within the sub-Sahelian climatic zone, characterized by a pronounced wet season from April to October and a dry season from November to March. During the wet season, Makurdi receives abundant rainfall, averaging over 1,500 millimeters annually. The peak rainfall period occurs in July and August, with frequent heavy downpours. These intense storms can lead to flash floods and other weather-related hazards.

Environmental Impacts of Rainfall Variability

The rainfall variability in Makurdi has significant environmental implications. During the wet season, the excessive rain can cause soil erosion, flooding, and damage to infrastructure. The resulting waterlogged conditions promote the growth of invasive plants, hinder agricultural activities, and create breeding grounds for mosquitoes, leading to increased risk of malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Conversely, the prolonged dry season can result in water scarcity, drought, and bush fires, further exacerbating environmental challenges.

Unprecedented Snowfall in Makurdi: A Meteorological Anomaly

Makurdi, the capital city of Benue State, Nigeria, experienced an extraordinary meteorological phenomenon on December 28, 2022, when the city witnessed snowfall for the first time in recorded history. This unusual occurrence baffled meteorologists and residents alike, as snowfall is typically associated with regions much farther north, such as the United States, Europe, and Canada. The snowfall, which lasted for approximately 30 minutes, covered the ground with a thin layer of white powder, creating a surreal winter wonderland in the heart of tropical Africa.

Possible Causes and Implications

The snowfall in Makurdi has been attributed to several factors, including a rare combination of cold air, moisture, and atmospheric instability. A cold front from the north collided with warm, humid air from the Gulf of Guinea, creating a favorable environment for the formation of precipitation. The presence of aerosols, which act as nucleation sites for ice crystals, further contributed to the unusual snowfall. The implications of this event are still being debated, but it is believed that it could be an early indicator of climate change and its potential impact on the region.

Sunrise and Sunset Times in Makurdi, Nigeria

Makurdi, Nigeria, is located near the equator, which means it experiences relatively consistent sunrise and sunset times throughout the year. On average, the sun rises between 6:00 AM and 6:30 AM and sets between 6:00 PM and 6:30 PM. However, due to the Earth’s axial tilt, there is slight variation in sunrise and sunset times depending on the time of year. During the summer months (June to August), the sun rises slightly earlier and sets slightly later, while during the winter months (December to February), the sun rises slightly later and sets slightly earlier.

Sun Intensity in Makurdi, Nigeria

Makurdi, Nigeria, experiences high levels of solar radiation throughout the year due to its proximity to the equator. The city receives an average of 6.5 hours of sunshine per day, with the sunniest months being March, April, and May. During these months, the sun’s intensity can be particularly strong, especially during the midday hours. It is important for residents and visitors to take precautions to protect themselves from the sun’s harmful UV rays, such as wearing sunscreen, sunglasses, and hats.

Lunar Visibility in Makurdi, Nigeria

Makurdi, the capital of Benue State in Nigeria, is situated in the northern part of the country. The city experiences a tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. Regarding lunar visibility, Makurdi’s geographical location and climate play significant roles.

During the wet season, which typically lasts from April to October, Makurdi experiences frequent cloud cover, which can obstruct the view of the moon. The city receives an average annual rainfall of over 1,400 mm (55 in), with the heaviest rainfall occurring during the months of July and August. During this time, the presence of dense cloud layers can make it difficult to observe the moon, especially during the full moon phase when its brightness is at its peak. However, during the dry season, which lasts from November to March, the skies are generally clearer, resulting in better visibility of the moon. Makurdi is known for its beautiful night skies during this period, and the moon’s presence adds to the city’s scenic charm.

Average Humidity Levels

Makurdi, the capital city of Benue State in central Nigeria, experiences generally high humidity throughout the year. The average relative humidity ranges from 60% to 80%, with the wettest months being April, May, and October. During these months, the humidity can reach up to 90% or higher, particularly during the evening and early morning hours. The high humidity levels are primarily due to Makurdi’s location within the humid tropics, near the confluence of the Benue and Katsina Ala Rivers.

Seasonal Impacts

Humidity in Makurdi varies seasonally, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season, from April to October, is characterized by high humidity levels and frequent rainfall. During the dry season, from November to March, humidity levels drop somewhat, but remain relatively high. The lower humidity levels during the dry season provide some relief from the oppressive heat and humidity that prevails during the wet season. However, even during the dry season, humidity levels can still exceed 50% or more, making the air feel thick and muggy.

Wind Patterns in Makurdi

Makurdi, a city nestled in central Nigeria, experiences a tropical wet and dry climate, characterized by distinct wind patterns throughout the year. During the wet season, which typically spans from April to October, the prevailing winds blow from the southwest, bringing in abundant moisture from the Gulf of Guinea. These winds often lead to heavy rainfall and can contribute to flooding in the area. During the dry season, from November to March, the winds shift to the northeast, carrying dry air from the Sahara Desert. These winds can cause a significant drop in humidity and can raise dust and sand, creating hazy conditions.

Seasonality of Wind Patterns

The seasonality of wind patterns in Makurdi is closely tied to the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a low-pressure system that moves northward and southward over the equator throughout the year. During the wet season, the ITCZ is positioned over or near Makurdi, leading to the influx of moisture-laden southwest winds. As the ITCZ moves southward during the dry season, the northeast winds from the Sahara Desert dominate. The transitional periods between the wet and dry seasons, known as the “shoulder months” of March-April and October-November, can experience variable wind patterns and weather conditions as the ITCZ shifts its position.

Dry Season (November to March):

The dry season boasts ideal weather for outdoor activities and exploration. With temperatures averaging between 25-35 degrees Celsius (77-95 degrees Fahrenheit), the low humidity makes it comfortable to wander the streets, enjoy scenic bike rides, or embark on hikes in nearby hills. The dry season is also the prime time for major cultural festivals and events, offering a vibrant glimpse into local traditions.

Rainy Season (April to October):

While the rainy season brings higher temperatures and humidity, it also showcases Makurdi’s lush greenery and abundant wildlife. The rains bring respite from the heat, and the fresh scent of blooming flowers permeates the air. Birdwatching enthusiasts will find the rainy season particularly rewarding, as migrating species flock to the area. However, it’s worth noting that heavy downpours can sometimes disrupt transportation and outdoor activities.

Current Status and Potential

Makurdi, the capital city of Benue State in Nigeria, has a promising outlook for solar energy development. The city experiences abundant sunshine throughout the year, with an average of 6-7 peak sunshine hours per day. However, the deployment of solar systems remains limited due to factors such as high upfront costs, lack of awareness, and limited access to financing. Despite these challenges, there is significant potential for solar energy to contribute to Makurdi’s energy mix and address its electricity challenges.

Opportunities and Challenges

The decentralized nature of solar energy offers unique opportunities for Makurdi, especially for rural and off-grid communities. Small-scale solar systems, such as rooftop installations and mini-grids, can provide affordable and reliable electricity to underserved areas, improving access to essential services and economic development. Additionally, the integration of solar energy into the existing electricity grid can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower carbon emissions, and enhance grid stability. However, challenges remain, including the high cost of batteries for energy storage, the need for robust policies and incentives to encourage investment, and the lack of skilled professionals in the solar industry.

Topography of Makurdi, Nigeria

Makurdi, the capital city of Benue State in Nigeria, sits on a relatively flat terrain with an average elevation of about 100 meters above sea level. The city is located on the banks of the Benue River, and its topography is characterized by gentle slopes and undulating hills. The Benue River valley dominates the eastern part of the city, while the western part is predominantly made up of rolling hills. Overall, Makurdi’s topography provides a picturesque landscape, with the sprawling Benue River and the verdant hills forming a visually stunning contrast.

River System and Drainage

The Benue River is the defining geographical feature of Makurdi. The river flows through the city’s center, dividing it into two parts: North Bank and South Bank. The riverbanks are mostly flat and gently sloping, providing an excellent location for recreation and leisure activities. Besides the Benue River, Makurdi has a network of smaller rivers and streams that form a complex drainage system. The most notable tributary is the River Katsina Ala, which joins the Benue River on the city’s outskirts. These rivers and streams play a crucial role in regulating the city’s water supply and draining excess water during the rainy season. The combination of the Benue River and its tributaries creates a natural and scenic environment that adds to the city’s charm.

Makurdi Airport

Makurdi Airport (MDI) is the primary airport serving the city of Makurdi in central Nigeria. Located approximately 5 kilometers from the city center, it is the closest airport to Makurdi, providing convenient access to the region. The airport has a single asphalt runway measuring 2,286 meters in length, capable of handling medium-sized aircraft such as the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320. Makurdi Airport offers limited domestic flights, with regular services connecting to major cities like Abuja, Lagos, and Port Harcourt. It also serves as a hub for cargo operations, supporting the agricultural and industrial activities of the surrounding area.

Alternative Airports

While Makurdi Airport is the nearest airport to the city, there are other options available within a reasonable driving distance. Abuja Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport (ABV) is approximately 170 kilometers southwest of Makurdi and offers a wider range of domestic and international flights. It is a major hub for several Nigerian airlines, providing connections to numerous destinations within the country and across the continent. Alternatively, Benue Valley State Airport (RSV) is located 110 kilometers southeast of Makurdi and serves the city of Otukpo. It provides limited domestic services, but may be a viable option for travelers seeking a more local flight experience.

Culture and History

Makurdi, the capital of Benue State, Nigeria, boasts a rich and diverse cultural heritage. The city is home to numerous ethnic groups, including the Tiv, Idoma, and Igede, each with its unique traditions and customs. Makurdi also has a strong connection to the arts, with a vibrant community of artists, musicians, and performers contributing to the city’s cultural scene. The Benue State Library hosts a collection of historical and literary works, providing insights into the region’s past and present.

Recreation and Leisure

Makurdi offers a range of recreational activities for residents and visitors alike. The city is home to several parks and gardens, such as the Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi (FUAM) Botanical Garden, which provides a tranquil escape amidst lush greenery. Makurdi also has a thriving nightlife, with bars, nightclubs, and restaurants catering to a diverse crowd. The city’s proximity to the Benue River allows for various water sports and recreational activities, including boat tours and fishing expeditions.