Kota Bharu Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Malaysia

Climate

Kota Bharu experiences a tropical rainforest climate, characterized by warm and humid conditions throughout the year. The mean annual temperature is 27°C (80°F), with minimal variation between the warmest and coolest months. The city receives abundant rainfall, averaging around 2,500 millimeters (98 inches) annually. The wet season extends from September to February, while the drier season occurs from March to August. Despite the high rainfall, the city enjoys an average of 6 hours of sunshine per day.

Average Weather Year Round

January to April: These months are typically the hottest and driest of the year. Temperatures range from 22°C (72°F) to 32°C (90°F), with low humidity. Rainfall is relatively scarce, providing a pleasant and sunny environment.

May to August: The monsoon season brings heavy rainfall, particularly from June to July. Temperatures remain high, ranging from 24°C (75°F) to 31°C (88°F). The humidity levels rise, and the skies are often overcast.

September to December: The weather becomes cooler and more humid during these months. Temperatures range from 22°C (72°F) to 30°C (86°F). Rainfall is abundant, with frequent showers and thunderstorms. The monsoon season usually peaks in November, when the city experiences its wettest month.

Average Temperature in Kota Bharu

Kota Bharu is the capital of Kelantan, a state located on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The city experiences a tropical rainforest climate, characterized by high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year. The average temperature in Kota Bharu ranges between 23°C and 32°C (73°F and 90°F), with little variation from month to month. The warmest months are typically from March to May, while the coolest months are November and December. During these cooler months, temperatures can occasionally dip below 20°C (68°F) at night.

In addition to its consistently high temperatures, Kota Bharu also experiences high humidity levels, especially during the afternoon and evening. The relative humidity typically ranges between 80% and 95%, which can make the heat feel even more oppressive. However, the city does benefit from occasional cooling breezes from the nearby South China Sea, providing some respite from the sweltering conditions.

Cloud Types in Kota Bharu

Kota Bharu experiences various cloud types throughout the year, influenced by its tropical climate and proximity to the South China Sea. Cumulus clouds are common in the morning, appearing as puffy, isolated formations. As the day progresses, they often develop vertically into towering cumulonimbus clouds, which can bring rain and thunderstorms. Stratus clouds, characterized by their uniform gray appearance, often cover the sky in the early morning or evening, leading to overcast conditions.

Cloud Patterns and Formation

Cloud patterns in Kota Bharu reflect the interactions between atmospheric conditions and the terrain. Cumulus congestus clouds, with their flat bases and cauliflower-shaped tops, indicate convective activity and can produce showers or thunderstorms. Cirrus clouds, composed of ice crystals, often appear as thin, wispy streaks or feathery tufts, signaling fair weather. During the monsoon season, from October to March, the arrival of large, anvil-shaped cumulonimbus clouds signals the approach of heavy rainfall and gusty winds.

Monthly Distribution

Kota Bharu, located on the northeast coast of the Malaysian peninsula, experiences a tropical rainforest climate, characterized by abundant precipitation throughout the year. The city receives an average annual rainfall of around 2,400 mm, which is well-distributed over the months. The wettest months are November and December, during which rainfall can exceed 500 mm, while the driest months are February and March, with rainfall averaging around 100 mm.

Seasonal Variation

The precipitation pattern in Kota Bharu is influenced by the monsoon winds that affect the region. During the Northeast Monsoon, which lasts from November to March, the prevailing winds blow from the northeast, bringing moist air from the South China Sea. This results in heavy rainfall during this period, particularly in the evening and early morning. Conversely, during the Southwest Monsoon, which occurs from May to September, the prevailing winds come from the southwest and bring drier conditions. As a result, rainfall is generally lighter during this season, but occasional thunderstorms can still occur.

Rainfall Patterns

Kota Bharu, situated in the northeastern region of peninsular Malaysia, experiences abundant rainfall throughout the year. The city’s proximity to the South China Sea and its exposure to the inter-monsoon zone contribute to its humid equatorial climate. Rainfall is highest during the monsoon seasons between October and March, when the northeast monsoon brings heavy precipitation from the South China Sea. During this period, monthly rainfall averages range from 200 mm to 300 mm. Conversely, during the dry season between May and September, rainfall is lower, with average monthly rainfall between 100 mm and 150 mm.

Seasonal Variations and Extreme Events

The seasonal variations in rainfall patterns are evident in Kota Bharu, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The wettest month is November, with an average rainfall of approximately 300 mm, while the driest months are February and March, with average rainfall of around 100 mm. Extreme rainfall events, such as tropical cyclones and thunderstorms, occasionally occur during the monsoon seasons, leading to heavy downpours that can cause flooding and landslides. Climate change is also impacting rainfall patterns in Kota Bharu, with an observed increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events in recent years.

Unusual Weather Phenomenon

Kota Bharu, a coastal city in Malaysia, recently experienced an unprecedented snowfall, marking a historic meteorological event in the region. Locals and meteorologists were astonished by the rare occurrence, as snowfall is virtually unheard of in tropical climates. The unusual weather conditions left a blanket of white over the city, transforming the landscape into a winter wonderland. Despite its short-lived duration, the snowfall captivated the imagination of residents and became a memorable moment in the city’s history.

Scientific Explanation

The snowfall in Kota Bharu was attributed to a series of unique weather patterns. An upper-level cold front from the north interacted with warm, moist air from the South China Sea, creating unstable atmospheric conditions. As the cold air descended, it caused the moisture in the atmosphere to condense and freeze, forming snowflakes. Additionally, a lack of strong winds allowed the snow to accumulate on the ground, resulting in the picturesque snowfall witnessed in the city. This phenomenon highlights the dynamic and unpredictable nature of weather systems, even in tropical regions.

Sunrise and Sunset in Kota Bharu

Kota Bharu, located on the northeastern coast of Malaysia, experiences stunning sunrises and sunsets throughout the year. The sun typically rises between 6:30 AM and 7:00 AM, casting a warm glow over the cityscape and the nearby South China Sea. As the day progresses, the sun ascends higher in the sky, providing ample sunlight for outdoor activities and creating picturesque shadows that dance across the city’s buildings.

Towards the end of the day, the sun begins its descent, painting the sky with vibrant hues of red, orange, and purple. The sunset in Kota Bharu is a breathtaking spectacle that attracts locals and tourists alike. The colors of the sky often reflect on the surface of the Kelantan River, creating a mesmerizing mirror effect that further enhances the beauty of this natural phenomenon. As the sun dips below the horizon, it leaves behind a tranquil glow that lingers for several minutes, illuminating the city with a warm and inviting atmosphere.

Moon Phases and Visibility

The moon’s appearance and visibility in Kota Bharu, Malaysia, vary throughout the lunar cycle. During the new moon phase, the moon is located between the Earth and the sun, making it invisible to observers on Earth. As the moon moves around the Earth, the illuminated portion gradually increases, resulting in crescent, first quarter, gibbous, and finally full moon phases. The full moon, when the entire face of the moon is illuminated, is the most visible and prominent phase in the night sky.

Cultural and Religious Significance

The moon plays an important role in Islamic culture and the practice of Islam in Kota Bharu. The local Malay community uses the moon as a timekeeping tool to determine the beginning and end of the fasting month of Ramadan and to mark important religious holidays such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri and Hari Raya Aidiladha. The visibility of the crescent moon on the first night after sunset signifies the start of these festivals and is eagerly anticipated by Muslims in Kota Bharu.

Seasonal Humidity Patterns

Kota Bharu, situated on the east coast of Malaysia, experiences a tropical climate with consistently high humidity levels throughout the year. The average annual humidity hovers around 80%, with minimal seasonal variation. During the wet season, from October to March, humidity levels tend to be slightly higher, reaching up to 90% at times. This is due to increased rainfall and moisture in the atmosphere. Conversely, during the dry season, from April to September, humidity levels dip slightly, averaging around 75-80%.

Factors Influencing Humidity

The high humidity in Kota Bharu is attributed to several factors. The city’s proximity to the South China Sea and the surrounding equatorial region contributes to the influx of moisture-laden winds. Additionally, the flat topography of the area and the lack of significant elevation allow for the accumulation of moisture near the ground. Furthermore, the presence of extensive mangrove forests along the coastline creates a humid microclimate, further contributing to the overall humidity levels.

Wind Patterns and Characteristics
Kota Bharu lies within the tropical monsoon climate zone, characterized by alternating periods of wet and dry winds. During the southwest monsoon season (June-September), strong southwest winds dominate the region, bringing abundant rainfall. These winds are often associated with heavy thunderstorms and can reach speeds of up to 40 kilometers per hour. In contrast, during the northeast monsoon season (November-March), weaker northeast winds prevail, resulting in drier conditions. The average wind speed during this period ranges between 15-25 kilometers per hour.

Influence on Local Weather and Climate
The prevailing wind patterns significantly influence Kota Bharu’s weather and climate. The strong monsoon winds during the wet season contribute to the city’s heavy rainfall, which can sometimes lead to flooding. Additionally, the northeast monsoon winds bring cooler, drier air to the region during the winter months. The wind also plays a role in moderating temperatures, preventing extreme heat or cold during the year. Furthermore, the wind-driven currents in the South China Sea influence the local marine ecosystem, providing nutrients for fish and other marine life.

Peak Season (April to May)

Kota Bharu experiences its peak season during the months of April and May, coinciding with the summer holidays in Malaysia. The weather is generally warm and dry, with less rainfall, making it an ideal time for outdoor activities and sightseeing. Visitors can enjoy the vibrant atmosphere of the city, filled with traditional ceremonies and cultural events, including the colorful Pasti Festival. However, it is worth noting that during this time, accommodation prices may be higher, and popular attractions can get crowded.

Shoulder Season (February to March, June to July)

The shoulder seasons, running from February to March and June to July, offer a balance of pleasant weather and fewer crowds. Temperatures remain warm, with occasional showers, creating a refreshing atmosphere for exploration. This is a good time to visit for those who prefer a more relaxed pace and want to avoid the larger crowds of the peak season. Additionally, hotel rates tend to be lower during these months, offering a more budget-friendly option for travelers.

Potential of Solar Energy in Kota Bharu

Kota Bharu, the capital city of Kelantan, Malaysia, has significant potential for solar energy utilization. The city experiences high levels of solar radiation throughout the year, with an average of over 5.5 kWh/m2 per day. The clear skies and relatively low humidity create favorable conditions for photovoltaic (PV) systems to generate electricity efficiently. Moreover, the growing demand for electricity, coupled with the government’s renewable energy targets, makes solar energy an attractive option for Kota Bharu.

Applications of Solar Energy

Solar energy can be utilized in various applications in Kota Bharu. Residential and commercial buildings can install rooftop PV systems to generate electricity for their operations, reducing their dependence on grid-supplied power and contributing to energy independence. Solar water heaters can provide hot water, reducing the consumption of fossil fuels used for heating. Additionally, solar streetlights can be deployed along roads and walkways to provide illumination at night, reducing energy consumption and improving urban lighting. The widespread adoption of solar energy in Kota Bharu would not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also contribute to the city’s sustainable development goals.

Coastal Plains

Kota Bharu is situated along the northeastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, bordering the South China Sea. The city predominantly lies within the coastal plains region, characterized by flat topography and low elevation. The coastal plains extend inland for approximately 20 kilometers, gently sloping towards the coastline. This area comprises predominantly sandy soils, formed by the receding and advancing of sea levels over time. The coastline features several sandy beaches, such as Pantai Cahaya Bulan and Pantai Irama, popular for recreational activities and tourism.

Undulating Hills and Low Mountains

Beyond the coastal plains, the topography gradually transitions into undulating hills and low mountains. These features are part of the Titiwangsa Mountain Range, which runs along the spine of Peninsular Malaysia. In the vicinity of Kota Bharu, the hills and mountains generally rise to elevations below 300 meters. They are composed primarily of sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone and shale, formed millions of years ago. The hills and mountains provide scenic landscapes and serve as a backdrop to the urban cityscape. The presence of these natural features also influences local weather patterns, leading to frequent rainfall and cooler temperatures in the upland areas compared to the coastal region.

Sultan Ismail Petra Airport

Sultan Ismail Petra Airport (IATA: KBR, ICAO: WMKC), formerly known as Kota Bharu Airport, is the main airport serving Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. It is located approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) north of the city center. The airport serves domestic destinations such as Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Alor Setar, and Penang as well as international destinations such as Singapore, Jakarta, and Ho Chi Minh City. The airport is named after Sultan Ismail Petra, the former Sultan of Kelantan.

The airport was built in 1953 and underwent major renovations and expansions in 1986, 2006, and 2013. The latest upgrade cost approximately RM100 million and increased the airport’s capacity to 1.5 million passengers per year. It is the main hub for Firefly, a low-cost carrier, and is also served by Malaysia Airlines, AirAsia, and Malindo Air.

Historical Significance and Cultural Charm

Kota Bharu is the capital of Kelantan, a northeastern state in Malaysia. The city has a rich history dating back to the pre-colonial era. It was a significant trading hub for the Malay Sultanate of Kelantan and later became the capital of the state during British rule. Kota Bharu’s historical heritage is evident in its numerous cultural landmarks, including the majestic Istana Balai Besar, the official palace of the Kelantanese royal family, and the beautiful Kampung Kraftangan, an artisan village that showcases the state’s traditional arts and crafts.

Gastronomic Delights

Kota Bharu is a food lover’s paradise, renowned for its authentic Kelantanese cuisine. The city’s street food scene is particularly vibrant, with vendors offering a wide variety of street food delicacies, such as Nasi Kerabu, a blue-tinged rice dish with herbs and coconut milk, and Kuih Akok, a traditional steamed cake made with glutinous rice flour. Kota Bharu is also home to upscale restaurants that serve exquisite Kelantanese dishes, often incorporating fresh seafood, fragrant spices, and tropical fruits.