Kolkata Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – India

Summer (March-May)

Kolkata’s summer months are characterized by scorching heat and high humidity. Temperatures often exceed 40°C (104°F), with the humidity making the air feel oppressive. Thunderstorms and sporadic showers offer brief respite from the intense heat. However, they often bring with them flash floods, disrupting daily life. The average temperature in March is 29°C (84.2°F), rising to 33°C (91.4°F) in April and 35°C (95°F) in May.

Monsoon (June-September)

The monsoon season arrives in Kolkata in June, bringing heavy rainfall and a drop in temperatures. The city receives an average of 1,600 mm of rain during this period. The rainfall can be intense, often causing waterlogging and disrupting transportation. However, the monsoon provides much-needed relief from the oppressive heat of the summer. The average temperature in June is 31°C (87.8°F), falling to 30°C (86°F) in July and 29°C (84.2°F) in August.

Seasonal Variations in Average Temperature

Kolkata experiences distinct seasonal variations in its average temperature. During the hot and humid summer months (April-May), temperatures routinely exceed 35°C, with peak temperatures often reaching 40°C or higher. The onset of the monsoon season in June brings relief from the extreme heat, with average temperatures dropping to around 28-30°C. As the monsoon season progresses, the city experiences heavy rainfall and high humidity levels.

Annual Average Temperature

Taking into account the seasonal variations, Kolkata’s annual average temperature is approximately 27°C. However, this average can be deceptive, as the city experiences significant fluctuations throughout the year. The coolest months are December and January, with average temperatures around 18-20°C. The warmest months are May and June, with average temperatures exceeding 35°C. Understanding these seasonal variations is crucial for adjusting clothing choices, preparing for extreme weather conditions, and planning outdoor activities accordingly.

Cloud Types in Kolkata, India

Kolkata, India experiences a variety of cloud types due to its subtropical monsoon climate. During the summer months (April-June), towering cumulonimbus clouds are prevalent, often bringing heavy rainfall and thunderstorms. These clouds are characterized by their anvil-shaped tops and vertical development. During the monsoon season (June-September), Kolkata experiences widespread overcast skies with layers of nimbostratus clouds. These clouds produce persistent drizzle or light rain.

Cloud Formation in Kolkata

Cloud formation in Kolkata is influenced by several factors, including temperature, humidity, and air currents. The warm, moist air over the Bay of Bengal, combined with updrafts caused by the topography of the region, leads to the formation of clouds. The presence of the Himalayas to the north acts as a barrier, forcing air to rise and condense. Additionally, the convergence of different air masses, such as the moist monsoon winds from the south and the dryer continental winds from the north, contributes to the formation of clouds and precipitation in Kolkata.

Annual Rainfall Patterns

Kolkata experiences a tropical monsoon climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The city’s annual rainfall averages around 1,600 millimeters, with most of the precipitation occurring during the monsoon season from June to October. During this period, Kolkata receives heavy rainfall, with monthly totals often exceeding 200 millimeters. The monsoon rains are brought by the southwest monsoon winds, which bring moisture-laden air from the Bay of Bengal.

Seasonal Variations

The dry season from November to May is generally dry, with monthly rainfall typically below 50 millimeters. During this season, Kolkata experiences clear skies and relatively low humidity. However, occasional thunderstorms and pre-monsoon showers can bring sporadic rainfall during the dry months. The transitional months of March to May witness an increase in humidity and occasional showers, signaling the onset of the monsoon season.

Rainfall in Kolkata: Patterns and Variability

Kolkata, located in eastern India, experiences a humid subtropical climate characterized by distinct rainfall patterns. The city falls under the influence of the southwest monsoon, which brings heavy rainfall from June to September. During this period, Kolkata receives approximately 75% of its annual rainfall. The average annual rainfall in the city is around 1,600 mm (63 inches), making it one of the wettest cities in India.

The rainfall in Kolkata exhibits considerable variability. In some years, the city experiences prolonged periods of heavy rainfall, leading to flooding and waterlogging. In other years, rainfall may be deficient, causing droughts and water shortages. These variations can be attributed to factors such as the strength of the monsoon, the presence of tropical cyclones, and the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Climate change is also believed to be impacting rainfall patterns, with some studies suggesting an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events.

Historical Event

Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, is not typically known for snowfall. However, on January 20, 2013, the city experienced a rare and unexpected event: snowfall. It was the first such occurrence in 144 years. The snowfall lasted for about two hours, covering the ground and rooftops with a thin layer of white. The unusual phenomenon caused widespread excitement and amazement among the city’s residents.

Causes and Impact

The snowfall was caused by a combination of factors, including a cold snap from the Himalayas, high humidity, and a low-pressure system. The unusual meteorological conditions created the perfect environment for snowflakes to form and fall. The snowfall had a profound impact on Kolkata. It disrupted transportation and communication, with roads and railways becoming impassable. Many schools and businesses were forced to close. The beauty of the snow-covered city, however, brought joy to many residents and tourists alike.

Sun Exposure and Vitamin D

Kolkata, India receives ample sunlight throughout the year, which is beneficial for the production of vitamin D in the body. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. Exposure to sunlight for 10-15 minutes a day without sunscreen can help the body synthesize sufficient vitamin D. However, excessive sun exposure without protection can lead to sunburn, skin damage, and increased risk of skin cancer, so moderation is key.

Sunscreen and Protection

It is essential to use sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 30 to shield the skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, especially during peak sunlight hours (10 am to 4 pm). Sunscreen should be applied liberally and evenly 20 minutes before going outside and reapplied every two hours or after swimming or sweating. Additionally, wearing protective clothing, sunglasses, and a hat can further reduce sun exposure and protect the skin.

Appearance of the Moon in Kolkata, India

The appearance of the moon in Kolkata, India, can vary greatly depending on the time of year and the weather conditions. During the dry season (October to March), the moon often appears as a bright, silvery orb in the clear night sky. This is because there is less moisture in the atmosphere to scatter the moonlight. During the monsoon season (June to September), the moon may appear dimmer and more diffuse due to the increased humidity and cloud cover.

Cultural Significance of the Moon in Kolkata, India

The moon holds a special significance in Indian culture, and this is reflected in the way it is celebrated in Kolkata. The full moon, known as Purnima, is a particularly important day in the Hindu calendar. On this day, many Hindus perform special rituals and prayers to the moon god, Chandra. They believe that worshiping the moon can bring good luck and prosperity. The new moon, known as Amavasya, is also significant in Hindu culture. On this day, many Hindus fast and avoid eating certain foods. They believe that doing so can help to cleanse the body and mind.

Seasonal Humidity Variations

Kolkata experiences distinct seasonal humidity patterns. During the monsoon season (June-September), average humidity levels soar to around 80-95%, creating a sultry and oppressive atmosphere. As the monsoon retreats, humidity gradually decreases. From October to February, Kolkata enjoys a relatively drier spell with humidity levels hovering around 60-70%. However, as summer approaches, humidity begins to rise again. From March to May, high temperatures and an influx of moisture from the Bay of Bengal result in humidity levels reaching an average of 70-85%.

Impact on Daily Life

High humidity in Kolkata can have a significant impact on daily life. During the monsoon and summer months, the oppressive humidity can lead to discomfort, dehydration, and heat-related illnesses. It can also make outdoor activities challenging and impact transportation and infrastructure. For example, fog caused by high humidity can disrupt air and rail travel. Additionally, high humidity creates a favorable environment for mold and mildew growth, which can affect indoor air quality and cause respiratory issues for sensitive individuals.

Wind Patterns in Kolkata

Kolkata, located in eastern India, experiences distinct wind patterns throughout the year. The city falls under the influence of the following major wind systems:

  • Northeast Monsoon: During winter (November to March), the northeast monsoon brings dry and cool winds from the Himalayas. These winds are known as the “norwesters,” and they often bring clear skies and low humidity.
  • Southwest Monsoon: From June to September, the southwest monsoon prevails, bringing moisture-laden winds from the Bay of Bengal. These winds cause heavy rainfall, particularly during July and August. The city receives an average of 1,450 mm of rainfall annually, with most of it occurring during the monsoon season.
  • Local Circulation: Kolkata’s location on the Hooghly River creates local wind patterns, such as land and sea breezes. During the day, sea breezes bring cool and humid air inland, while at night, land breezes carry warm and dry air towards the coast. This alternation in wind direction influences the city’s microclimate and can provide a respite from the hot and humid summer conditions.

Winter (November-February)

Kolkata’s winter months provide pleasant weather for exploring the city. Temperatures range from 15°C to 25°C, offering respite from the scorching summer heat. The dry and sunny conditions make it an ideal time for sightseeing, long walks by the Hooghly River, and visiting cultural attractions like the Victoria Memorial and Indian Museum. Additionally, the festive season around Christmas and New Year’s Eve brings a vibrant atmosphere to the city.

Spring (March-May)

Spring in Kolkata brings a gradual rise in temperatures, with the average ranging from 25°C to 35°C. The city blooms with vibrant colors as the Gulmohar and Shimul trees burst into flames of red and orange. The weather remains dry and comfortable, making it a great time to stroll through the Botanical Gardens, visit the art galleries in Nandan, or experience the traditional Bengali New Year celebrations. However, it’s important to note that the humidity starts to increase towards the end of May.

Growth and Potential of Solar Energy in Kolkata, India

Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, has emerged as a promising hub for solar energy in India. The city’s favorable climatic conditions, with abundant sunshine throughout the year, provide an ideal environment for the development of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Recognizing this potential, the West Bengal government has launched several initiatives to promote solar energy adoption, including subsidy schemes and tax incentives. As a result, the installed capacity of solar PV systems in Kolkata has grown significantly in recent years, with numerous residential, commercial, and industrial establishments embracing this clean energy source.

Key Drivers and Benefits of Solar Energy in Kolkata

The adoption of solar energy in Kolkata is driven by several key factors, including rising electricity costs, concerns about climate change, and the government’s support. By harnessing the sun’s energy, businesses and individuals can reduce their electricity bills and contribute to a cleaner environment. Additionally, solar energy systems are becoming increasingly cost-effective due to advancements in technology and manufacturing processes. The long-term savings and environmental benefits make solar energy an attractive investment for both residential and commercial consumers. The city’s robust infrastructure and ample rooftop space further facilitate the installation and maintenance of solar PV systems, making it a viable solution for meeting the growing energy demands of Kolkata.

Kolkata, India – Physiography

Kolkata lies in the eastern part of the Ganges Delta on the banks of the Hooghly River, an offshoot of the Ganges. The city and its surrounding areas form the Lower Ganges Basin, which has distinctive geological features. Kolkata’s landform includes three distinct zones: the alluvial plains, the tidal delta, and the laterite plateau. The alluvial plains, comprising fertile soil, predominate the city’s northwestern part. The tidal delta, influenced by brackish water, characterizes the southern and eastern regions. The laterite plateau, a relic of an ancient peneplain, underlies much of the metropolis’s western and northern fringes.

Relief

Kolkata’s topography is relatively flat, with a general elevation of around 6-9 meters above sea level. However, it features some low-lying areas, such as the East Kolkata Wetlands, which are highly susceptible to flooding during heavy monsoons. The city also has a few prominent hills, including Taltala Hill and Monihara Hill, which provide picturesque views of the surrounding landscape. The highest point in Kolkata is Birati, located at an elevation of 30 meters. The terrain gradually slopes towards the east, where the Hooghly River meets the Bay of Bengal. Kolkata’s topography influences its urban development, including infrastructure planning and drainage systems, especially in areas prone to waterlogging and flooding.

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (CCU)

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (CCU) is the primary and the nearest airport serving Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Located in Dum Dum, approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) northeast of the city center, it is one of the busiest airports in India and a major gateway to eastern India. CCU handles both domestic and international flights, connecting Kolkata to major cities across the country, as well as international destinations in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The airport has two terminals, Terminal 1 for domestic flights and Terminal 2 for international flights, with a combined capacity of over 23 million passengers per year. CCU is well-equipped with modern facilities, including a wide range of dining and shopping options, banking and currency exchange services, and convenient transportation links to the city center.

Other Nearby Airports

While CCU is the nearest and most convenient airport for travelers to Kolkata, there are a few smaller airports in the vicinity that may offer limited flights to certain destinations. These include:

  • Bagdogra Airport (IXB): Located in the neighboring state of West Bengal, approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles) north of Kolkata. It primarily serves the northern part of the state and offers limited domestic flights.
  • Andal Airport (RDP): Located in the Burdwan district of West Bengal, approximately 145 kilometers (90 miles) northwest of Kolkata. It handles a small number of domestic flights.
  • Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport (RDP): Located in the Asansol district of West Bengal, approximately 220 kilometers (137 miles) northwest of Kolkata. It primarily serves the western part of the state and offers limited domestic flights.

However, it’s important to note that these airports are significantly smaller than CCU and may not offer direct flights to all destinations. Therefore, for most travelers visiting Kolkata, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (CCU) remains the most convenient and comprehensive option for air travel.

History and Culture of Kolkata

Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta, boasts a rich and storied past. Founded in 1690 by the British East India Company, it served as the capital of British India from 1772 until 1911. Its colonial legacy is evident in the city’s architecture, with iconic buildings such as Victoria Memorial and St. Paul’s Cathedral standing as testaments to its imperial past. Kolkata has also been a center for intellectual and cultural enlightenment, with renowned poets, writers, and artists calling it home. Its thriving arts scene continues to flourish today, with renowned museums like the Indian Museum and the Victoria Memorial Hall showcasing the city’s cultural heritage.

Modern Kolkata

Modern Kolkata is a vibrant metropolis that has undergone rapid development in recent decades. It is the third-most populous city in India and serves as the capital of West Bengal. The city is a major economic and business hub, with a diverse economy ranging from manufacturing and textiles to IT and financial services. Kolkata is also home to some of the country’s leading educational institutions, including Calcutta University and the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Despite its growth, Kolkata retains its unique charm and character, with its narrow lanes, historic mansions, and lively markets offering a glimpse into its rich past. The city is a cultural melting pot, where traditional Bengali customs blend seamlessly with modern influences, creating a vibrant and cosmopolitan atmosphere.