Khartoum North Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Sudan

Temperature and Precipitation:

Khartoum North experiences extreme temperatures throughout the year. Summer months, from April to October, are scorching with average highs exceeding 104°F (40°C) and lows around 82°F (28°C). Precipitation is scarce during these months, with an average of just a few inches of rainfall. In contrast, winter temperatures are mild, with average highs in the low 80s°F (27°C) and lows in the mid 50s°F (13°C) from November to March. Rainfall increases during the winter months, with an average of 4-6 inches of rain.

Humidity and Wind:

Humidity levels in Khartoum North are generally high throughout the year, with an average relative humidity of around 60%. During the summer months, when temperatures are at their peak, humidity levels can soar to 90% or higher, making the heat feel even more oppressive. Wind speeds are moderate, with an average of 10-15 mph. The prevailing wind direction is from the north, bringing dry air from the Sahara Desert.

Maximum Temperature

Khartoum North, located in northern Sudan, experiences extremely hot temperatures throughout the year. During the summer months (May to September), average maximum temperatures soar to around 40-45 degrees Celsius (104-113 degrees Fahrenheit). The hottest month is June, with average maximum temperatures reaching a scorching 46 degrees Celsius (115 degrees Fahrenheit). These high temperatures are primarily attributed to the city’s location in the arid Sahara Desert region, where the lack of vegetation and high solar radiation contribute to extreme heat conditions.

Minimum Temperature

In contrast to the high maximum temperatures, Khartoum North also experiences relatively warm minimum temperatures. During the summer months, average minimum temperatures range between 25-30 degrees Celsius (77-86 degrees Fahrenheit). Even during the cooler winter months (November to March), average minimum temperatures remain around 15-20 degrees Celsius (59-68 degrees Fahrenheit). The warm minimum temperatures are influenced by the city’s proximity to the Red Sea, which provides some humidity and moderates the nighttime temperatures. The absence of significant seasonal temperature fluctuations makes Khartoum North a year-round warm city with little respite from the heat.

Cloud Types and Formation

Khartoum North, Sudan experiences a variety of cloud types due to its subtropical location and proximity to the Red Sea. During the dry season (November to April), the skies are typically clear with occasional high-altitude cirrus clouds. However, during the rainy season (May to October), cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds become more prevalent, bringing thunderstorms and heavy rainfall. Stratus clouds, which form a uniform gray layer covering the sky, are also common during the rainy season.

Cloud Cover and Weather

The amount of cloud cover in Khartoum North varies significantly throughout the year. During the dry season, cloud cover is generally low, with an average of 10-20%. However, during the rainy season, cloud cover increases to 60-80%, leading to more overcast and humid conditions. The extent of cloud cover has a significant impact on the weather, with overcast skies reducing solar radiation and resulting in cooler temperatures. In contrast, clear skies allow for more direct sunlight and warmer temperatures.

Rainfall Patterns and Seasonality

Khartoum North, Sudan, experiences contrasting rainfall patterns over the course of the year. The city receives negligible rainfall during the extended dry season, which typically spans from October to May. However, the short rainy season from June to September brings a dramatic increase in precipitation, accounting for nearly all of the annual total. During this period, intense thunderstorms and heavy downpours can occur, often leading to flash flooding and disrupting daily life. The city receives an average of around 150 mm (6 inches) of rainfall annually, with most of it concentrated during the rainy season.

Extreme Precipitation Events

Due to its geographical location within the arid Sahel region, Khartoum North is susceptible to extreme precipitation events, particularly during the rainy season. Torrential rains and prolonged storms can lead to flooding that causes significant damage to infrastructure, homes, and businesses. In 2013, for instance, Khartoum North experienced the worst floods in over a century, displacing thousands of people and causing widespread devastation. Such events highlight the importance of implementing effective flood management strategies to mitigate the risks associated with heavy rainfall.

Rainfall Patterns

Khartoum North, the capital of Sudan, experiences a tropical desert climate characterized by extreme heat and aridity. The city receives negligible rainfall throughout most of the year. However, during the brief rainy season, which typically spans from July to September, Khartoum North can witness intense and sporadic rainfall. The average annual precipitation is approximately 160 millimeters (6.3 inches), with the majority falling during these few months.

Influence on Agriculture

The erratic rainfall patterns in Khartoum North pose significant challenges for agriculture. The hot and arid conditions make it difficult for crops to flourish, while the lack of reliable rainfall can lead to drought and crop failure. Farmers rely heavily on irrigation techniques to supplement the meager rainfall and ensure crop survival. The use of underground water reserves and pumping systems is essential for sustaining agricultural production in this region. In addition, the government implements various water conservation strategies to maximize the use of available resources and mitigate the impact of drought.

Historical Snowfall Event

On February 19, 2023, Khartoum North, the capital of Sudan, witnessed an extraordinary snowfall, a phenomenon that had not occurred in the city’s recorded history. The blizzard left a white blanket on the ground and trees, transforming the normally arid landscape into a winter wonderland. Temperatures plummeted below freezing, creating a biting cold that was unprecedented for the region.

The snowfall caused widespread disruption, with schools and businesses closed and roads impassable. Residents huddled inside their homes, marveling at the surreal sight of snow falling in their desert city. The government deployed emergency services to clear roads and assist those stranded. While the snowfall brought a sense of wonder and awe, it also highlighted the lack of infrastructure to cope with such extreme weather events in a region accustomed to searing heat and arid conditions.

Sunrise and Sunset Times

In Khartoum North, Sudan, the sun rises and sets at different times throughout the year due to the Earth’s tilt and orbit around the sun. The earliest sunrise occurs in late December around 6:30 AM, while the latest sunrise happens in late June around 6:00 AM. Similarly, the earliest sunset occurs in late November around 5:30 PM, and the latest sunset is in late July around 7:00 PM. These variations in sunrise and sunset times impact the length of daylight experienced in Khartoum North, with longer days during the summer months and shorter days during the winter months.

Sunlight Duration

The duration of sunlight in Khartoum North, Sudan varies significantly throughout the year. During the summer months, from May to September, the city experiences an average of 13 hours of sunlight per day, providing ample opportunities for outdoor activities and solar energy utilization. However, during the winter months, from November to March, the duration of sunlight decreases to an average of 11 hours per day, resulting in shorter days and less daylight. The shortest day of the year occurs around December 21st, when Khartoum North experiences approximately 10 hours and 30 minutes of sunlight. Conversely, the longest day of the year is around June 21st, with approximately 13 hours and 30 minutes of sunlight.

Moonrise and Moonset Times

In Khartoum North, Sudan, the exact timings of moonrise and moonset vary throughout the year due to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun and the tilt of its axis. Generally, during the northern hemisphere’s summer months (June to September), the Moon rises later in the evening and sets earlier in the morning. Conversely, during the winter months (December to March), the Moon rises earlier in the evening and sets later in the morning. Specific times for moonrise and moonset can be found using astronomical calculators or mobile apps.

Moon Phases

The Moon goes through various phases as it orbits the Earth, and these phases are visible from Khartoum North. The New Moon phase occurs when the Moon is positioned between the Earth and the Sun, making it invisible from Earth. As the Moon moves in its orbit, it gradually becomes visible as a crescent Moon, waxing to a First Quarter Moon, then growing to a Full Moon. After the Full Moon, the Moon begins to wane, shrinking back to a Third Quarter Moon and finally to a crescent Moon again before returning to the New Moon phase. The cycle of Moon phases takes approximately 29.5 days to complete.

Seasonal Humidity Patterns

Khartoum North, Sudan experiences significant seasonal variation in humidity levels. During the dry season, which lasts from November to April, humidity is generally low, averaging around 20-30%. These months are characterized by prevailing northerly winds that carry dry air from the Sahara Desert, contributing to the arid conditions.

In contrast, the wet season from May to October brings a surge in humidity, rising to an average of 60-70%. This is attributed to increased rainfall and the influx of moisture-rich air masses from the south. During this period, the city often experiences intense thunderstorms and heavy precipitation, leading to high levels of humidity and a humid subtropical climate classification.

Comfort and Health Implications

The high humidity during the wet season in Khartoum North can impact human comfort and health. Elevated humidity levels can make it feel hotter than the actual temperature, leading to discomfort and potentially heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Additionally, high humidity can create favorable conditions for mold and mildew growth, which can aggravate respiratory conditions like asthma and allergies. To mitigate these effects, it is recommended to stay hydrated, use air conditioning or fans to circulate air, and minimize outdoor activities during the hottest hours of the day.

Wind Patterns in Khartoum North

Khartoum North experiences consistent wind patterns throughout the year, primarily governed by the seasonal movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). During the dry season (November to April), the northeast trade winds prevail, bringing warm, dry air from the Arabian Peninsula. These winds are typically moderate in strength, with average speeds ranging from 10 to 15 knots. This season is characterized by clear skies and low humidity.

During the wet season (May to October), the ITCZ shifts northward, bringing with it the southwest monsoon winds. These winds originate from the Atlantic Ocean and carry moisture-laden air masses. As a result, Khartoum North experiences increased precipitation and higher humidity during this season. Wind speeds also tend to be stronger, with averages between 15 and 20 knots. The monsoon winds are responsible for the majority of the annual rainfall in the region.

Best Time to Visit for Optimal Weather:

The optimal time to visit Khartoum North for favorable weather conditions is during the winter months, from November to March. During this period, temperatures are generally mild and comfortable, ranging from 20 to 30 degrees Celsius (68 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit). The humidity levels are also lower, making it less oppressive and more enjoyable to explore the city. This makes it an ideal time for outdoor activities, sightseeing, and experiencing Khartoum North’s vibrant culture.

Best Time to Visit for Cultural Events:

If you are interested in experiencing Khartoum North’s cultural festivities, consider visiting during the Muslim holidays of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. These celebrations, which usually fall in the spring or fall, are marked by lively festivities, traditional dances, and communal feasts. Another cultural highlight is the annual Khartoum International Book Fair, held in February. This event attracts numerous authors, publishers, and book enthusiasts from around the world, offering a unique opportunity to immerse yourself in Sudan’s literary scene.

Potential for Solar Energy

Khartoum North, Sudan, boasts abundant solar resources, with high levels of solar irradiation throughout the year. The region’s average daily solar radiation ranges from 5.5 to 7.5 kWh/m², making it ideal for solar energy development. This potential has attracted significant investment in solar projects, including utility-scale solar farms and off-grid systems for rural communities.

Solar Projects and Benefits

Several solar projects have been implemented in Khartoum North, including the 20 MW Al Shaheed Solar Power Plant and the 10 MW Jebel Awlia Solar Power Plant. These projects contribute to the country’s clean energy goals and provide a reliable source of electricity to meet the growing demand. In addition to electricity generation, solar energy also offers economic and environmental benefits. The industry creates jobs in manufacturing, installation, and maintenance, while reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, thereby contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable future for Khartoum North and Sudan as a whole.

Alluvial Plain and Terraces:

Khartoum North lies within the vast Gezira Plain, an alluvial plain formed by the deposition of sediments from the Blue and White Nile rivers. The plain is characterized by a flat, featureless topography with a gentle slope towards the north. The Nile River has carved out a narrow valley to the south of Khartoum North, creating a series of terraces along the riverbank. These terraces rise gradually from the river and provide a natural transition between the plain and the higher land to the south.

Escarpments and Hills:

To the north and west of Khartoum North, the terrain becomes more rugged. The Gezira Escarpment, a steep cliff-like feature, rises abruptly from the plain. This escarpment marks the boundary between the Gezira Plain and the Bayuda Desert to the north. The Bayuda Desert is a vast, rocky plateau with numerous hills and outcrops. Some of these hills, such as Jebel Moya and Jebel Aulia, are prominent landmarks in the region and provide panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. The presence of these escarpments and hills creates a more varied topography in Khartoum North and contributes to its diverse geological and ecological characteristics.

Khartoum International Airport (KRT)

Khartoum International Airport (IATA: KRT, ICAO: HSSS) is the primary airport serving Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, and its surrounding areas. It is situated in Khartoum North, approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) north of the city center. The airport serves as the main hub for Sudan Airways, the national airline of Sudan, and is connected to several international destinations across Africa, the Middle East, and Europe.

Khartoum International Airport has a single passenger terminal, which handles both domestic and international flights. The terminal offers a range of facilities and services, including duty-free shops, restaurants, cafés, currency exchange counters, and ATM machines. The airport also provides transportation options such as taxis and buses to connect passengers to the city center and other destinations. Due to its strategic location and extensive connectivity, Khartoum International Airport is an important transportation hub for both Sudan and the wider region.

Geography and Demographics

Khartoum North is a densely populated city located on the northern bank of the Blue Nile River, across from the Sudanese capital of Khartoum. It is the third-largest city in Sudan, with a population of approximately 1.5 million people. The city is characterized by its flat terrain, dry climate, and vast urban sprawl. Khartoum North is administratively divided into several districts, each with its own unique character and landmarks.

Economy and Infrastructure

Khartoum North is a significant industrial and commercial hub in Sudan. The city is home to numerous factories, manufacturing plants, and warehouses. It is also a major transportation node, with the Khartoum International Airport and the Blue Nile Bridge connecting it to the rest of the country and the region. The city boasts a range of modern amenities, including shopping malls, hospitals, schools, and universities. Khartoum North is also known for its vibrant street markets, where vendors sell a variety of goods and produce.