Khartoum Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Sudan

Summer (April – September)

Khartoum’s summer months are characterized by intense heat and very little rainfall. Temperatures soar to scorching highs, averaging around 40°C (104°F) during the day. The relentless sun often drives those who can afford it to retreat indoors during the hottest hours. Humidity levels remain low, providing little relief from the heat. Occasionally, sandstorms originating from the nearby Sahara Desert can blanket the city, reducing visibility and exacerbating the already oppressive conditions.

Winter (October – March)

Khartoum’s winter months offer a respite from the summer’s relentless heat. Temperatures become more moderate, averaging around 25°C (77°F) during the day. Nights can be pleasantly cool, dropping to around 15°C (59°F). Rainfall becomes more frequent, although it is still relatively light compared to other regions of the world. The drier conditions make this time of year ideal for exploring the surrounding desert and historical sites.

Average Temperature in Khartoum, Sudan

Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, experiences a tropical desert climate characterized by high temperatures throughout the year. The average annual temperature in Khartoum is a staggering 32.4°C (90.3°F), with daytime temperatures often exceeding 40°C (104°F) during the summer months. The hottest period of the year typically occurs from April to June, with average temperatures hovering around 42°C (107.6°F).

In contrast, the winter months (December to February) offer a respite from the scorching heat, with average temperatures dipping to a more moderate range of 25-27°C (77-80.6°F). However, even during the cooler months, temperatures can occasionally rise above 30°C (86°F). The annual temperature variability is relatively low, with fluctuations of only a few degrees between the warmest and coldest months.

Climate Overview

Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, experiences a hot desert climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season, which runs from June to September, is characterized by sporadic but intense rainfall, while the dry season, which runs from October to May, is characterized by extreme heat and little to no precipitation. During the dry season, temperatures can soar to over 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), and the lack of humidity makes the heat feel even more intense.

Cloud Patterns

During the wet season, Khartoum experiences an increase in cloud cover, particularly during the late afternoon and evening hours. These clouds are typically cumulonimbus clouds, which are associated with thunderstorms and heavy rainfall. During the dry season, however, cloud cover is generally sparse, with clear skies dominating most of the day. Occasionally, thin cirrus clouds may be present, but these clouds do not produce any precipitation. Overall, Khartoum experiences relatively low cloud cover throughout the year, with the exception of the wet season.

Annual Distribution of Precipitation

Khartoum experiences a distinct pattern of precipitation throughout the year. The city’s climate is characterized by an arid to semi-arid climate, with most of the yearly rainfall occurring during the summer months. From June to September, the city receives the bulk of its annual precipitation, with heavy downpours often resulting in flash flooding. During this wet season, daily precipitation can exceed 50 millimeters, with some days experiencing over 100 millimeters of rainfall. In contrast, the winter months (December to February) bring virtually no precipitation, leaving the city dry and dusty.

Impact of Precipitation on Khartoum

The distribution of precipitation in Khartoum has a significant impact on the city’s infrastructure, economy, and daily life. During the wet season, the heavy rains can cause widespread flooding, damaging buildings and roads, and disrupting transportation and businesses. However, the same rainfall is crucial for agriculture in the surrounding areas, as it provides much-needed water for crops and livestock. Additionally, the summer rains bring relief from the intense heat and dust that prevail during the dry season. During the winter months, the lack of precipitation can lead to water shortages and increased air pollution due to dust storms.

Precipitation Patterns

Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, experiences a semi-arid climate characterized by low annual precipitation. The city receives an average of 158 mm (6.2 inches) of rainfall per year, which is concentrated during the short rainy season from May to October. The heaviest rainfall occurs in August, with an average of 49 mm (1.9 inches). During the dry season, from November to April, rainfall is scarce, with most months receiving less than 5 mm (0.2 inches) of precipitation. This pattern is influenced by the northward movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a band of low pressure that brings heavy rainfall to the tropics.

Variability and Impacts

The variability of rainfall in Khartoum is significant, with annual precipitation often deviating from the average. Droughts and floods can occur, causing adverse impacts on the city’s population and infrastructure. Extended periods of drought can lead to water shortages, reduced agricultural productivity, and increased susceptibility to wildfires. Conversely, heavy rainfall and flooding can cause infrastructural damage, disrupt transportation, and pose health risks. The city’s rapid urbanization and population growth have exacerbated the impacts of these events, as increased impervious surfaces reduce infiltration and increase runoff. Effective water management strategies are crucial to mitigate the challenges and harness the benefits of precipitation in Khartoum.

Historical Occurrence and Causes

Snowfall is an exceedingly rare occurrence in Khartoum, Sudan, located at the heart of the African continent. The city’s arid climate, characterized by high temperatures and scant rainfall, renders snowfall a highly improbable event. However, on January 11, 1944, Khartoum experienced an unprecedented snowfall that blanketed the city in a thin layer of snow. This extraordinary weather phenomenon was attributed to an unusual combination of atmospheric conditions that brought cold air from the Mediterranean Sea southward. The cold front collided with warm, moist air from the Red Sea, resulting in the formation of clouds that produced snow.

Impact and Aftermath

The unexpected snowfall in Khartoum sent shockwaves through the community. Residents, accustomed to sweltering heat, marveled at the sight of snow-covered streets and buildings. The children seized the opportunity to play in the snow, constructing makeshift snowballs and creating joyful memories. Despite its brevity, the snowfall had a lasting impact on Khartoum’s history, becoming a legend passed down through generations. The event is remembered as a paradoxical chapter in the city’s climate, when for a fleeting moment, the desert gave way to a winter wonderland.

Monthly Averages

Khartoum, Sudan, experiences high temperatures year-round due to its tropical desert climate. The sun shines brightly for approximately 11 hours per day on average. During the hottest months (May to September), temperatures can soar up to 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit), with little cloud cover. In contrast, the cooler months (December to February) offer more moderate temperatures, averaging around 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit), with occasional periods of light rain.

Seasonal Variations

The intensity and duration of sunshine vary throughout the year in Khartoum. During the summer monsoon season (June to September), rainfall can reduce sunlight for brief periods, leading to cloudy skies and occasional thunderstorms. However, the rainy season typically does not significantly impact overall sunshine hours. In the dry season (November to April), cloud cover is minimal, resulting in an abundance of sunshine and arid conditions. The month of January offers the least amount of cloud cover, with an average of less than one cloud-covered day per month.

Appearance and Visibility

In Khartoum, Sudan, the moon offers a captivating celestial spectacle. Its appearance varies throughout the lunar cycle, ranging from a faint crescent to a full, radiant orb. The moon’s visibility is influenced by atmospheric conditions, with clear skies providing the best viewing opportunities. During its peak illumination around the full moon phase, the moon casts an ethereal glow upon the city, illuminating streets and landmarks.

Cultural Significance

The moon holds significant cultural and religious importance in Khartoum. Islamic traditions and rituals are closely tied to the lunar calendar. The sighting of the new moon marks the commencement of the Islamic month of Ramadan, a time of fasting and spiritual reflection. Moreover, the moon serves as a cultural symbol, featuring prominently in traditional Sudanese art, folklore, and literature. Its cycles have shaped the lives and rhythms of the people of Khartoum for generations.

Seasonal Variations in Humidity

Khartoum experiences significant seasonal variations in humidity, primarily influenced by the monsoon winds and the proximity to the Nile River. During the rainy season, which runs from June to October, the humidity levels soar, reaching an average of 85-90%. The southwesterly monsoon winds carry moisture-laden air from the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in frequent thunderstorms and heavy rainfall. This high humidity can create a muggy and uncomfortable environment, especially during the warmest months of July and August.

Influence of Temperature and Geography

Temperature plays a crucial role in determining the humidity levels in Khartoum. Higher temperatures tend to amplify the moisture-holding capacity of the air, leading to increased humidity. During the hot and dry summer months, when temperatures can exceed 40°C, the relative humidity levels typically drop to around 20-30%. This is because the hot air can hold more moisture before reaching saturation. Conversely, during the cooler winter months, when temperatures average between 15-25°C, the humidity levels tend to be higher, ranging from 50-60%. Additionally, Khartoum’s proximity to the Nile River also contributes to the city’s humidity levels, as the river’s surface evaporation adds moisture to the surrounding air.

Wind Patterns and Intensity

Khartoum, located in central Sudan, experiences distinct wind patterns throughout the year. The predominant wind direction during the dry season (November to April) is from the northeast, known as the northeasterly trade winds. These winds bring warm and dry air from the Arabian Peninsula and Sahara Desert, resulting in hot and arid conditions in Khartoum. During the rainy season (May to October), the wind direction shifts to the south and southwest, carrying moisture from the Equatorial region. These winds bring rainfall and cooler temperatures to the city.

The wind intensity in Khartoum varies depending on the season and time of day. During the dry season, the northeasterly winds can reach speeds of up to 50 kilometers per hour (31 miles per hour), creating strong gusts that can raise dust and sand. In the rainy season, the wind speeds are generally lower, with occasional thunderstorms and squalls that can bring brief but intense wind conditions. Overall, Khartoum experiences a moderate to strong wind regime throughout the year, with seasonal variations in direction and intensity.

Best Time to Visit Khartoum for Pleasant Weather

Khartoum experiences extreme heat and humidity for most of the year, with temperatures soaring to scorching levels. However, there is a brief respite from the intense heat during the winter months of November to February. During this time, temperatures range between a mild 20-25°C (68-77°F), making it an ideal period to visit Khartoum for comfortable exploration. The humidity levels are also relatively lower, ensuring a more pleasant experience. Additionally, the skies are usually clear, providing ample opportunities to admire the city’s landmarks and soak up the vibrant atmosphere.

Best Time to Visit Khartoum for Cultural Events

Khartoum hosts several cultural festivals and events throughout the year. One of the most significant is the International Khartoum Book Fair, held annually in February. This prestigious event attracts book enthusiasts, authors, and literary figures from around the globe. Visitors can immerse themselves in the world of literature, attend book signings, and engage in stimulating discussions on contemporary and classic works. Another notable event is the Nile Carnival, typically held in December or January. This vibrant festival showcases traditional Sudanese music, dance, and art, offering an unforgettable experience of the country’s rich cultural heritage.

Solar Potential in Khartoum

Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan, enjoys abundant sunshine throughout the year. The city’s average daily solar radiation is approximately 6 kWh/m2, making it an ideal location for solar energy development. The high solar irradiance levels, coupled with relatively low rainfall and clear skies, provide a reliable and consistent source of solar power.

Solar Projects and Opportunities

Khartoum has witnessed significant interest in solar energy projects in recent years. Several solar photovoltaic (PV) installations have been commissioned, ranging from small-scale residential systems to large-scale commercial and industrial projects. The government of Sudan has set ambitious targets for renewable energy, including solar power, and is actively supporting the development of solar projects. Furthermore, the availability of skilled labor and favorable investment incentives make Khartoum an attractive destination for solar energy investors.

Geomorphic Features of Khartoum, Sudan

The topography of Khartoum, Sudan, is characterized by a prominent ridge system known as the Jebel Aulia ridge, which runs along the east bank of the Blue Nile River. This ridge creates a significant elevation gradient, with the terrain rising from the river valley to the west and gradually descending towards the east. The ridge forms a rugged landscape with steep slopes and narrow valleys, and it plays a crucial role in shaping the city’s geomorphology.

The western part of Khartoum, lying on the west bank of the Blue Nile, consists of alluvial plains and floodplains. These areas are relatively flat, with gentle slopes and poorly drained soils. The Blue Nile River itself flows through the city, serving as a major source of water and a vital transportation route. The river’s meandering course has created numerous islands and oxbow lakes, adding to the topographic complexity of the area. The White Nile River joins the Blue Nile at Khartoum, creating the main Nile River, which continues to flow northward through the country.

Khartoum International Airport (KRT)

Khartoum International Airport (KRT) is the primary airport serving Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. Located approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) southeast of the city center, KRT is the main hub for Sudan Airways and acts as a gateway for both domestic and international flights. The airport features a single passenger terminal with a capacity of handling approximately five million passengers per year. KRT offers direct flights to regional destinations within Africa and the Middle East, as well as connections to major cities in Europe and Asia.

KRT has undergone significant expansion and modernization in recent years. In 2016, a new 100-meter-long (330-foot-long) extension to the existing runway was completed, allowing the airport to accommodate larger aircraft. The airport also boasts a modern terminal building equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, including duty-free shops, restaurants, and currency exchange services. Passengers can also take advantage of free Wi-Fi throughout the terminal.

History and Culture in Khartoum

Khartoum, the vibrant capital of Sudan, boasts a rich and complex history. Situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile, it emerged as a prominent trading center in the 19th century. During the Anglo-Egyptian period, Khartoum became the administrative center of Sudan and witnessed significant development. The city’s rich cultural heritage is reflected in its numerous historical landmarks, including the Mahdi’s Tomb, the Nubian Museum showcasing artifacts from ancient Nubian civilizations, and the Omdurman souk, a bustling marketplace renowned for its vast array of traditional Sudanese crafts and goods.

Modern Metropolis

Today, Khartoum is a bustling modern metropolis with a diverse and vibrant population. Its skyline is adorned with skyscrapers and modern infrastructure, while the city remains deeply rooted in its Islamic traditions. The University of Khartoum, established in 1902, is one of the most prestigious educational institutions in Africa. Khartoum is also home to several government agencies, financial institutions, and international organizations. Despite its urban development, Khartoum retains its charm and authenticity. The Nile Riverfront offers picturesque views, and the city’s vibrant street life reflects the warm and welcoming nature of the Sudanese people.