Keren Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Eritrea
Temperature and Precipitation:
Keren experiences a tropical savanna climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season lasts from May to September, during which heavy rainfall is common. The dry season, from October to April, is characterized by hot and dry conditions. Temperatures throughout the year are generally high, with average highs ranging from 30°C (86°F) to 35°C (95°F). Average lows fluctuate between 15°C (59°F) and 20°C (68°F). Annual rainfall averages around 600 millimeters (24 inches), with most of the precipitation occurring during the wet season.
Humidity and Wind:
Keren experiences high humidity throughout the year, particularly during the wet season. Relative humidity can reach up to 100% during this time, making the weather feel muggy and uncomfortable. Winds are generally moderate throughout the year, with some stronger gusts during the dry season. The Harmattan, a hot, dry wind from the Sahara Desert, can occasionally affect Keren during the winter months.
Seasonal Variations
Keren, located in central Eritrea, experiences distinct seasonal variations in temperature. The hottest period falls within the months of April to May, with average temperatures soaring to around 28-30°C (82-86°F). During this time, the sun relentlessly beats down, creating a warm and dry climate. Conversely, the coolest months occur from December to January, when average temperatures dip to approximately 18-20°C (64-68°F). This cooler period brings with it occasional rainfall, providing some respite from the intense heat.
Annual Averages
Throughout the year, Keren’s average temperature hovers around 24°C (75°F). This relatively warm climate is attributed to its proximity to the Red Sea and the influence of tropical air masses. However, there can be significant fluctuations in temperature, particularly during the transition periods between seasons. For instance, as the wet season approaches in April, temperatures can surge by several degrees, while they may drop noticeably in October as the dry season sets in.
Cloud Types and Coverage
Keren, Eritrea, experiences a variety of cloud types and coverage throughout the year. During the dry season (October to April), the skies are typically clear or have scattered clouds. As the wet season approaches (May to September), cumulus clouds become more frequent, especially in the afternoon. These clouds often develop into towering cumulonimbus clouds, bringing thunderstorms and heavy rain. During the peak of the wet season, cloud cover is often extensive, with overcast conditions and frequent precipitation.
Cloud Dynamics and Weather Patterns
The formation and movement of clouds in Keren are influenced by a combination of factors, including the region’s geography, prevailing wind patterns, and temperature gradients. The city is located in a relatively flat area, with no significant mountains or obstacles to disrupt the flow of air masses. The prevailing wind direction is from the southwest, carrying moisture from the Gulf of Aden. When these moist air masses encounter warmer temperatures over land, they rise and condense, forming clouds. The movement and interaction of these air masses determine the cloud cover and weather conditions experienced in Keren.
Annual Rainfall and Distribution
Keren, Eritrea experiences a tropical savannah climate, with a distinct wet and dry season. The wet season typically extends from June to September, bringing abundant rainfall to the region. During this period, Keren receives an average of 800-1,000 mm of precipitation, accounting for the majority of its annual total. The rainfall is often heavy and intense, with frequent thunderstorms and downpours. In contrast, the dry season from October to May is characterized by a lack of significant precipitation, with only occasional showers or drizzle.
Seasonal Variability
The wet season in Keren is subject to significant interannual variability. Some years witness excessive rainfall, leading to flooding and land erosion. In contrast, during dry years, rainfall may be insufficient to support agriculture and can result in drought conditions. These variations are influenced by factors such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). As a result, farmers and water managers in Keren must carefully consider the variable precipitation patterns when planning their activities and implementing infrastructure.
Variability and Trends in Rainfall Patterns
The rainfall patterns in Keren exhibit significant variability both within the year and across different years. The city experiences a distinct wet season that typically runs from June to September, coinciding with the monsoon season in the region. During this period, heavy rainfall is common, with monthly precipitation values often exceeding 100 mm. The dry season, on the other hand, extends from October to May, characterized by minimal rainfall. The variability in rainfall amounts is influenced by several factors, including the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), atmospheric circulation patterns, and local geographical features.
Over the last few decades, there has been a discernible trend towards reduced rainfall in Keren. This decline has been particularly pronounced during the dry season, raising concerns about water scarcity and its impact on agriculture and livelihoods. The decrease in rainfall has been attributed to a combination of factors, including changes in global climate patterns, land-use changes, and urbanization. Climate projections indicate that this trend is likely to continue in the future, highlighting the need for proactive adaptation strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of reduced rainfall on the city’s population and economy.
Climate Background
Keren, a city in Eritrea, lies at an elevation of approximately 1,390 meters above sea level. Its location within the highlands contributes to its distinct microclimate, characterized by moderate temperatures year-round. The city experiences two primary seasons: a dry season from October to May and a rainy season from June to September.
Unprecedented Snowfall of 1999
In December 1999, Keren witnessed an extraordinary weather event: snowfall. This occurrence marked the first recorded snowfall in the city’s history and remains the only known instance to date. The snowfall was attributed to an unusual combination of low temperatures, high humidity, and wind patterns. The snow persisted for several hours, covering the ground and buildings in a thin layer of white. While short-lived, the snowfall left an unforgettable impression on the residents of Keren, who had never experienced such a phenomenon before.
Sun Exposure in Keren, Eritrea
Keren is located in the northern part of Eritrea, close to the Sudanese border. The city experiences a hot and dry climate throughout the year, with average temperatures ranging from 25 to 35 degrees Celsius (77 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit). The sun is intense in Keren, with an average of over 10 hours of sunlight per day. This high level of sun exposure can lead to sunburn, dehydration, and other health problems if precautions are not taken.
Sun Precautions in Keren, Eritrea
To protect oneself from the harmful effects of the sun, it is important to take precautions when spending time outdoors. These precautions include wearing protective clothing, such as long sleeves and pants, hats, and sunglasses. Sunscreen should also be applied liberally and reapplied frequently, especially during the peak hours of sunlight. It is also important to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, both before and after sun exposure. Seeking shade during the hottest hours of the day is also a good way to reduce sun exposure.
Moon’s Visibility in Keren
During full moon nights, the moon is clearly visible in the night sky above Keren, Eritrea. It typically appears as a large, bright orb that illuminates the surrounding landscape, casting an ethereal glow upon the city and the vast expanse of the surrounding desert. As the moon ascends higher in the sky, its light can often be seen reflecting upon the surface of the nearby Red Sea, adding an additional layer of shimmering beauty to the nocturnal vista.
Influence on Local Culture
The moon has a significant cultural influence in Keren, as it does in many other parts of the world. The lunar cycle is closely observed by the local population, and its phases are often used to guide agricultural practices, religious ceremonies, and social events. For example, the full moon is often associated with increased agricultural fertility, and it is therefore a common time for planting and harvesting crops. The moon is also revered as a symbol of light and renewal, and its appearance is often greeted with prayers and offerings.
Seasonal Humidity Patterns
Keren, Eritrea, experiences distinct seasonal variations in humidity levels. From November to April, during the dry season, humidity remains relatively low, typically ranging from 20% to 35%. However, as the rainy season approaches in May, humidity gradually increases, reaching an average of 45-60% from May to September. During the peak of the rainy season in July and August, humidity levels often exceed 70%, creating a warm and humid atmosphere.
Influence on Weather and Climate
The high humidity levels during the rainy season significantly influence the weather and climate of Keren. The influx of moisture into the atmosphere contributes to increased cloud cover, leading to more frequent precipitation and thunderstorms. The high humidity also enhances the sensation of heat, making the already warm temperatures feel even more oppressive. Additionally, the moist air can provide a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects, requiring proper hygiene and mosquito repellent measures during this season.
Wind Patterns in Keren
Keren, a city in Eritrea, experiences distinct wind patterns influenced by its geographic location. During the winter months (November-April), Keren lies in the path of the northeastern trade winds, which originate from high-pressure areas over the Sahara Desert. These winds tend to be strong and dry, transporting large amounts of dust and sand, resulting in occasional dust storms. The presence of the nearby Ghedem escarpment further modifies the wind patterns, channeling the winds through the city’s valleys and creating a unique microclimate.
Seasonal Variations in Wind
The wind patterns in Keren exhibit seasonal variations. During the summer months (May-October), the influence of the northeastern trade winds diminishes. Instead, the city experiences a more variable wind regime, with winds originating from different directions. The monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean occasionally reach Keren, bringing moisture and occasional rainfall. These winds are generally weaker than the trade winds and result in a relatively calmer atmosphere. The transition between the winter and summer wind patterns is gradual, and the city often experiences periods of calm or light winds during the shoulder months (April-May and October-November).
Dry Season (October – April)
Keren enjoys a pleasant dry season with warm days and cool nights. The skies are mostly clear, and humidity is low. This period offers ideal conditions for outdoor activities such as hiking, cycling, and exploring historical sites. Temperatures range from the mid-60s to mid-80s Fahrenheit (18-29 degrees Celsius), making it a comfortable time to visit without the scorching heat of summer.
Wet Season (May – September)
Keren experiences a distinct wet season characterized by heavy rainfall. While this can bring lush greenery and scenic landscapes, it can also impact outdoor activities and make transportation more challenging. The temperature remains relatively high in the 70s to 90s Fahrenheit (21-32 degrees Celsius), but the humidity can be oppressive. Despite the rain, the Wet Season offers a chance to witness the vibrant transformation of nature and enjoy the beauty of Keren’s waterfalls and rivers.
Potential for Solar Energy in Keren, Eritrea
Keren, located in the highlands of central Eritrea, possesses significant potential for solar energy development due to its abundant sunshine and relatively stable climate. The city experiences an average of 320 sunny days per year, with an average daily solar radiation of around 6.5 kWh/m². This high solar insolation makes Keren an ideal location for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, which can convert sunlight directly into electricity. Additionally, the availability of large tracts of undeveloped land around the city provides ample space for solar farms.
Benefits of Solar Energy in Keren
Harnessing solar energy in Keren offers several benefits. Firstly, it can help reduce the city’s reliance on imported fossil fuels, thus enhancing its energy independence and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Secondly, solar energy can provide a cost-effective alternative to traditional power sources, especially in remote areas where grid connectivity is limited or unreliable. Moreover, solar power can create employment opportunities in the installation, maintenance, and manufacturing of solar systems, contributing to local economic development. By investing in solar energy, Keren can not only meet its growing energy needs but also promote environmental sustainability and foster economic growth.
Topography: Mountains and Valleys
Keren is nestled amidst a picturesque landscape characterized by rugged mountains and verdant valleys. The city is located in the northwestern part of Eritrea, in the foothills of the Kunama Mountains. These mountains rise to an elevation of over 2,000 meters (6,500 feet), forming a dramatic backdrop to the city. The valleys between the mountains are fertile and well-watered, supporting a variety of agricultural activities.
Drainage and Water Bodies
Keren is drained by several seasonal rivers, the most notable of which is the River Keren. This river flows through the city and provides a vital source of water for irrigation and other purposes. There are also a number of small lakes in the surrounding area, including Lake Anseba and Lake Gergera. These lakes provide habitat for a variety of fish and wildlife, and are popular destinations for recreation and tourism.
Keren International Airport
Keren International Airport (IATA: ERZ, ICAO: HHKE) is the primary airport serving the city of Keren in Eritrea. It is located approximately 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) south of the city center. The airport has one runway, designated 03/21, which is 2,500 meters (8,202 feet) in length and 45 meters (148 feet) wide. Keren International Airport is primarily used for domestic flights within Eritrea, with limited international service. The main airlines operating out of the airport are Eritrean Airlines and Nasair Eritrea.
Other Nearby Airports
In addition to Keren International Airport, there are several other airports within a relatively close proximity to Keren. These include:
- Asmara International Airport (ASM) – located approximately 80 kilometers (50 miles) west of Keren.
- Massawa International Airport (MSW) – located approximately 130 kilometers (81 miles) northeast of Keren.
Asmara International Airport is the largest airport in Eritrea and offers a wider range of international destinations than Keren International Airport. Massawa International Airport is also an important airport in Eritrea, primarily serving the northern coastal region of the country.
History of Keren
Keren, a city located in Eritrea, boasts a rich and storied past. Founded in the 17th century, it served as a major crossroads for trade routes between the eastern lowlands and the central highlands. During the 19th century, Keren became a prominent military stronghold, with the Italians constructing a fortified garrison in 1896. The city played a significant role in the Eritrean-Ethiopian War (1998-2000), with battles fought on its outskirts. Today, Keren remains a major commercial and cultural center, renowned for its historical landmarks and vibrant atmosphere.
Geography and Climate
Keren lies in the southwestern part of Eritrea, approximately 120 kilometers west of the capital, Asmara. It is situated at an elevation of about 1,350 meters above sea level, offering a captivating blend of highland and lowland landscapes. The city enjoys a subtropical highland climate, characterized by warm, dry winters and mild, rainy summers. The average annual temperature hovers around 22 degrees Celsius, with little seasonal variation. Keren receives moderate rainfall, primarily during the summer months, which supports lush vegetation and agricultural activities.