Kayes Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Mali

Summer in Kayes

During the summer months from April to October, Kayes experiences intense heat and a substantial amount of rainfall. Temperatures soar to an average high of around 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit), making it one of the hottest cities in Mali. The humidity is also high during this period, often reaching uncomfortable levels. Rainfall is common between May and September, with an average of around 22 inches (55 centimeters) per month.

Winter in Kayes

The winter months from November to March bring milder temperatures and less precipitation to Kayes. Average high temperatures hover around 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit), while average low temperatures drop to around 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit). Rainfall is minimal during this time, with an average of only 1-2 inches (2.5-5 centimeters) per month.

Annual Temperature Variations

Kayes, Mali, experiences significant temperature variations throughout the year. The hottest months are April and May, with average temperatures ranging from 38 to 42 degrees Celsius (100-108 degrees Fahrenheit). During this period, the region faces intense heat, often accompanied by dry and dusty conditions.

In contrast, the coldest months in Kayes are December and January, with average temperatures between 19 and 25 degrees Celsius (66-77 degrees Fahrenheit). The region experiences reduced humidity during these months, leading to cooler and more comfortable weather. However, cold spells can occasionally occur, particularly at night, when temperatures can drop to 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit) or lower.

Seasonal Temperature Trends

Kayes, Mali, is characterized by a tropical climate with three distinct seasons: the dry season, the rainy season, and the harmattan season. The dry season typically lasts from November to April, bringing with it hot and dry conditions. The rainy season runs from May to October, featuring heavy rainfall and increased humidity. This season provides relief from the intense heat, but also poses challenges such as flooding and disruptions to daily life. The harmattan season, which occurs between December and February, brings dry and dusty winds from the Sahara Desert, resulting in hazy and cooler conditions.

Cloud Cover and Types

Kayes, Mali experiences significant cloud cover throughout the year, particularly during the rainy season from June to October. During this period, the skies are often overcast, with thick, towering cumulonimbus clouds that bring heavy precipitation. However, during the dry season from November to May, cloud cover is typically less prevalent, leading to clear skies and ample sunshine.

Cloud Formation and Effects

The formation of clouds in Kayes is primarily driven by the interaction between warm, moist air from the south and cooler, drier air from the north. As these air masses collide, condensation occurs, resulting in the formation of clouds. The type of clouds that develop depends on the temperature, humidity, and stability of the atmosphere. During the rainy season, the presence of moisture-laden winds from the Atlantic Ocean contributes to the development of thick, rain-bearing clouds. Conversely, during the dry season, stable atmospheric conditions often lead to the formation of thin, wispy clouds or clear skies.

Precipitation Patterns

Kayes, Mali, experiences high precipitation during the wet season, typically lasting from June to October. The area receives an average annual rainfall of around 800 millimeters (31.5 inches), with the heaviest rainfall occurring in July and August. During the wet season, thunderstorms are common, with intense rainfall often leading to flash flooding. The city’s humidity levels are typically high during this period, contributing to the feeling of discomfort and heat.

Dry Season and Precipitation Variability

In contrast to the wet season, the dry season in Kayes extends from November to May, characterized by little to no precipitation. This period is influenced by the trade winds, which carry dry air from the Sahara Desert. As a result, the skies are often clear during the dry season, with temperatures rising to their peak in March and April. However, the onset and duration of both the wet and dry seasons can vary from year to year, and extreme weather events such as droughts or floods can occasionally occur, affecting precipitation patterns and water availability in the region.

Annual Rainfall Pattern

Kayes, Mali, experiences a distinct seasonal variation in rainfall. During the wet season, which typically lasts from June to October, the city receives abundant rainfall. The average annual rainfall in Kayes is approximately 750 millimeters (29.53 inches). The wettest months are typically August and September, when the city can experience heavy downpours and thunderstorms. During the dry season, which spans November to May, rainfall becomes scarce. However, occasional showers may occur during this period. The annual rainfall pattern is primarily influenced by the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which brings moist air from the Atlantic Ocean during the wet season.

Impact of Rainfall on the Local Ecosystem

The seasonal rainfall pattern in Kayes has a profound impact on the local ecosystem. During the wet season, the increased moisture supports the growth of lush vegetation, including grasses, shrubs, and trees. This abundant vegetation provides food and shelter for a diverse range of wildlife, including birds, mammals, and reptiles. The presence of water sources such as rivers and ponds also attracts migratory species. Conversely, during the dry season, the lack of rainfall leads to a decrease in vegetation and water availability, which can stress the local ecosystem. Some species may migrate to areas with more favorable conditions, while others adapt to the harsh conditions. The annual rainfall pattern thus plays a crucial role in shaping the biodiversity and ecological dynamics of Kayes, Mali.

Rarity of Snowfall

Kayes, a city in western Mali, is located in the West African savannah region, which is characterized by a warm, tropical climate. Snowfall is an extremely rare occurrence in Kayes, as the average temperature rarely drops below 20 degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit) throughout the year. However, there have been isolated reports of snowfall in the city, with the most recent one occurring in 1929.

Historical Snowfall Event

The 1929 snowfall event in Kayes is well-documented and remains a topic of local lore. On January 28, 1929, a cold front from the North Atlantic descended upon the city, bringing with it freezing temperatures and heavy snow. The snowfall lasted for several hours, accumulating to a depth of approximately 5 centimeters (2 inches). The event caused widespread astonishment and excitement among the local population, as it was the first recorded snowfall in Kayes in living memory.

Sunrise in Kayes, Mali

Kayes, a city in western Mali, is known for its stunning sunrises. The sky gradually transitions from a deep indigo to a brilliant gold as the sun peeks over the horizon. The first rays of light illuminate the mud-brick buildings and cast long shadows across the bustling streets. Locals gather in the open markets, their voices creating a vibrant symphony that mingles with the sound of birdsong. As the sun rises higher in the sky, the temperature increases rapidly, signaling the start of a new day filled with activity.

Sunset in Kayes, Mali

The sunsets in Kayes are equally breathtaking. As the sun begins its descent below the horizon, the sky transforms into a canvas of vibrant hues. Shades of orange, purple, and pink swirl together, creating a celestial masterpiece. The Senegal River, which flows through Kayes, reflects the vibrant colors of the sky, adding to the enchanting spectacle. Locals gather along the riverbanks, enjoying the beauty of the fading light and the cool breeze that signals the end of the day. As the sun dips below the horizon, casting a golden glow over the city, a sense of tranquility descends upon Kayes, preparing its inhabitants for a peaceful night’s rest.

Moon Phase and Visibility

The moon’s visibility and phase in Kayes, Mali, vary throughout the month. During the new moon phase, the moon is not visible in the sky. As the moon progresses through its phases, it becomes increasingly visible until it reaches the full moon phase. During the full moon, the entire face of the moon is illuminated and visible. The moon’s phase cycle takes approximately 29.5 days to complete.

Moonrise and Moonset Times

The moonrise and moonset times in Kayes, Mali, change daily. The moon rises and sets at different times depending on the time of year and the phase of the moon. During the new moon phase, the moon rises and sets around the same time as the sun. As the moon progresses through its phases, the moonrise and moonset times gradually change. During the full moon phase, the moon rises around sunset and sets around sunrise.

Annual Humidity Patterns

Kayes, Mali experiences distinct seasonal variations in humidity levels. During the dry season, which typically spans from November to April, humidity levels are generally low, with relative humidity values often dropping below 20%. The dry harmattan wind, which blows from the Sahara Desert, brings dry and dusty conditions, further lowering humidity levels.

Monthly Humidity Variations

Humidity levels in Kayes vary significantly throughout the year. The driest months are typically January and February, when humidity levels average around 15-20%. As the rainy season approaches, humidity levels begin to rise gradually. The humidity peaks during the wet season, which lasts from June to September. During this period, relative humidity values often exceed 80%, creating a humid and蒸し蒸しとした atmosphere.

Wind Speed and Variability

Kayes experiences moderate wind speeds throughout the year, with the average monthly wind speed ranging from 20 to 25 kilometers per hour. However, there is significant variability within each month, with occasional periods of calm conditions and occasional gusts exceeding 40 kilometers per hour. During the dry season (October to April), the harmattan wind, characterized by its warm and dry qualities, occasionally brings strong gusts to the region.

Wind Direction and Seasonality

Throughout most of the year, the prevailing wind direction in Kayes is from the northeast or east. This pattern is driven by the seasonal shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which brings moist and unstable air from the Gulf of Guinea during the wet season (May to September) and dry and stable air from the Sahara Desert during the dry season (October to April). During the transition periods between seasons, the wind direction can become more variable as the ITCZ migrates north and south.

Visiting Kayes in the Dry Season (November – April)

The dry season is the ideal time to visit Kayes, offering the most pleasant weather conditions. Temperatures are moderate, ranging from 20-35°C (68-95°F), with minimal rainfall. During this time, the skies are clear and the humidity is low, creating a comfortable atmosphere for outdoor activities and exploration. The dry season also coincides with the harvest season, providing a chance to witness traditional farming practices and engage with local communities. However, it’s worth noting that during the later part of the dry season (March-April), temperatures can soar, requiring extra precautions against the heat.

Visiting Kayes in the Rainy Season (May – October)

The rainy season in Kayes brings a surge of greenery and transforms the landscape. Although rainfall can be heavy at times, the showers typically come in short bursts, followed by periods of sunshine. Temperatures remain relatively high, ranging from 25-35°C (77-95°F), with high humidity levels. While the wet season offers a different perspective of Kayes, it can hinder outdoor activities due to muddy roads and the risk of flooding. Additionally, mosquito populations increase during this time, requiring appropriate precautions against malaria.

Solar Potential and Challenges

Kayes, Mali, boasts immense solar potential with an average of over 300 days of sunshine annually. The region’s high solar irradiance and ample land availability provide ideal conditions for solar energy development. However, challenges remain in harnessing this potential. Kayes faces limited grid infrastructure, distribution networks, and skilled labor, hindering the adoption and implementation of solar technologies.

Current Projects and Future Prospects

Several solar projects are underway or planned in Kayes. The Ségala Solar Plant, with a capacity of 33 MW, is one such project currently in operation. This plant generates approximately 60 GWh of clean electricity annually, contributing to Mali’s energy mix. Additionally, the government of Mali has set ambitious targets for solar power expansion, aiming to increase its share of renewable energy production significantly. With continued investment and policy support, Kayes has the potential to become a major hub for solar energy in Mali and the wider region.

Plateaus and Hills:

Kayes, Mali, is situated within the vast and rugged interior of West Africa, where the topography is characterized by a series of plateaus and hills. The plateaus form elevated, relatively flat-topped areas that rise hundreds of meters above the surrounding lowlands. These plateaus are dissected by numerous rivers and streams, which have carved deep valleys and gorges into their surfaces. The hills, which are smaller and less extensive than the plateaus, are often found along the edges of the valleys and gorges. These hills typically have steep slopes and rugged terrain.

Hydrology:

Kayes is located within the Senegal River Basin, which is one of the largest river basins in Africa. The Senegal River and its tributaries flow through the region, providing essential sources of water for human consumption, irrigation, and transportation. The plateaus and hills play a significant role in the hydrology of the region by regulating the flow of water and creating microclimates. The porous nature of the plateaus allows rainfall to infiltrate and replenish groundwater supplies, while the steep slopes of the hills contribute to runoff and erosion.

Kayes Airport (KYS)

Kayes Airport (IATA: KYS, ICAO: GAKY) is the primary airport serving Kayes, a city in western Mali. It is located 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) northwest of the city center. The airport serves as a hub for regional flights within Mali and provides connections to other major cities in the country, including Bamako, Mopti, and Timbuktu. Airlines operating at Kayes Airport include Air Mali, Sky Mali, and Aeris International.

The airport has a single runway designated 06/24, which is 1,800 meters (5,906 feet) long and 30 meters (98 feet) wide. It can accommodate aircraft up to the size of a Boeing 737 or Airbus A320. The airport is equipped with basic facilities, including a terminal building, a control tower, and a fire station. It does not have any scheduled international flights, but it can handle charter flights and private aircraft.

Geography and Climate:

Kayes lies in western Mali, near the Senegal River. Its topography is characterized by plateaus, mesas, and lowlands interspersed with rivers and streams. The climate is tropical and dry, with a distinct wet season from June to October. During this time, the city experiences heavy rainfall, creating a lush and fertile environment. The dry season, from November to May, brings hot and dry weather, with temperatures often exceeding 40 degrees Celsius.

History and Culture:

Kayes has a rich and diverse history. The city was founded in the 11th century as a trading post of the Soninke people. It later became a major commercial center of the Ghana Empire and served as a key stop on the trans-Saharan trade routes. In the 19th century, Kayes came under French colonial rule and became an important administrative and economic center. Today, Kayes is a vibrant and bustling city with a rich cultural heritage. Its population comprises a diverse mix of ethnic groups, including the Soninke, Fulani, Bambara, and Wolof. The city is known for its traditional music, dance, and crafts, which reflect the cultural diversity of its people.