Jeddah Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Saudi Arabia
Climate in Jeddah
Jeddah experiences an arid desert climate, characterized by extremely hot, dry summers and mild winters. From May to October, temperatures soar, often reaching 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) with minimal rainfall. The humidity levels remain low, resulting in very hot and dry conditions. However, the nights provide some respite, with temperatures dropping to around 25-30 degrees Celsius (77-86 degrees Fahrenheit).
Average Weather Year Round
Throughout the year, Jeddah’s weather remains mostly consistent. During the summer months (June, July, August), the average temperature ranges between 35-40 degrees Celsius (95-104 degrees Fahrenheit). The winter months (December, January, February) are relatively mild, with average temperatures hovering around 20-25 degrees Celsius (68-77 degrees Fahrenheit). Rainfall is scarce throughout the year, with only a few sporadic showers occurring during the winter season. The humidity levels remain low, making the heat more tolerable.
Average Temperature: Summer vs. Winter
Jeddah, a coastal city in Saudi Arabia, experiences significant temperature variations between summer and winter. During the hot summer months (June to September), the average temperature ranges from 86°F (30°C) to 95°F (35°C), with highs frequently exceeding 104°F (40°C). The humidity levels are also high, causing the heat to feel even more oppressive. In contrast, the winter months (December to February) are mild, with average temperatures between 68°F (20°C) and 77°F (25°C). While the nights can be chilly, the days are generally pleasant and sunny.
Monthly Temperature Breakdown
The table below provides a breakdown of the average monthly temperatures in Jeddah:
| Month | Average High | Average Low |
|—|—|—|
| January | 77°F (25°C) | 61°F (16°C) |
| February | 79°F (26°C) | 63°F (17°C) |
| March | 84°F (29°C) | 68°F (20°C) |
| April | 90°F (32°C) | 73°F (23°C) |
| May | 95°F (35°C) | 79°F (26°C) |
| June | 100°F (38°C) | 86°F (30°C) |
| July | 104°F (40°C) | 91°F (33°C) |
| August | 104°F (40°C) | 91°F (33°C) |
| September | 97°F (36°C) | 86°F (30°C) |
| October | 90°F (32°C) | 77°F (25°C) |
| November | 81°F (27°C) | 68°F (20°C) |
| December | 73°F (23°C) | 59°F (15°C) |
Cloud Patterns
Jeddah, a coastal city in Saudi Arabia, experiences a variety of cloud patterns throughout the year. During the summer months, when temperatures soar, the sky is often dominated by towering cumulus clouds. These clouds, with their distinct cauliflower-like appearance, can develop into towering thunderclouds that bring occasional rainstorms. As the sun sets, these clouds often take on a golden hue, creating a breathtaking spectacle against the fading orange sky.
Influence on Weather
Clouds play a significant role in shaping the weather conditions in Jeddah. Cumulus clouds, while primarily associated with fair weather, can evolve into towering cumulonimbus clouds that produce lightning, thunder, and heavy rainfall. During the winter months, Jeddah experiences the occasional passage of frontal systems, which bring stratiform cloud cover. These clouds often result in prolonged periods of drizzle or light rain, creating a noticeably cooler and damper atmosphere. The presence of clouds can also moderate temperatures, providing relief from the intense heat during the summer and trapping warmth during the cooler winter months.
Annual Precipitation Patterns
Jeddah, situated on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia, experiences a desert climate characterized by low annual precipitation. On average, Jeddah receives about 50 millimeters (2 inches) of rainfall per year, primarily concentrated during the winter months. The rainy season typically spans from November to March, with the heaviest rainfall occurring in December and January. During these months, brief but intense thunderstorms can bring occasional downpours. However, the city experiences long periods of dryness, with no significant rainfall for months at a time, especially during the hot and humid summer months.
Variability and Impacts of Precipitation
The annual precipitation in Jeddah exhibits considerable variability, both within and between years. Inter-annual fluctuations in rainfall are strongly influenced by large-scale climate patterns such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). During El Niño years, precipitation tends to be below average in Jeddah, while during La Niña years, it can be above average. The variability in precipitation has significant implications for water resources management and agriculture in the region. Extended dry periods can lead to water shortages, affecting both human and animal populations. Conversely, heavy rainfall events can cause flooding and damage infrastructure.
Seasonal Precipitation
Jeddah, a coastal city in western Saudi Arabia, experiences a desert climate with extremely low annual rainfall. The city receives an average of only 56 mm (2.2 inches) of precipitation per year, and most of this rainfall occurs during the winter months from November to March. During this time, the city may experience occasional showers or short periods of light rain. However, it is important to note that even during the so-called “rainy season,” rainfall can be highly variable and unpredictable. There are often extended periods without any precipitation, and heavy rainfall events are rare.
Causes of Low Rainfall
The primary reason for Jeddah’s low rainfall is its location on the Red Sea coast. The city lies in the rain shadow of the Ethiopian Highlands, which block moisture-carrying clouds from reaching the region. Additionally, the prevailing wind patterns in the area are predominantly from the north and northeast, which further contribute to the arid conditions. Furthermore, the high temperatures and low humidity in Jeddah create a stable atmosphere that inhibits the formation of clouds and precipitation. As a result, the city experiences prolonged periods of drought and water scarcity.
Rarest Phenomenon: Snowfall in Jeddah
Snowfall in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, is an extremely rare occurrence. The city is located on the Red Sea coast and experiences a hot and dry climate year-round, with temperatures rarely dropping below 20°C (68°F). However, on January 19, 2016, an unseasonal cold front swept through the region, bringing with it heavy snowfall. This marked the first time in recorded history that measurable snow had fallen in Jeddah. The snowfall occurred at an elevation of around 200 meters (650 feet) above sea level and lasted for approximately one hour.
Impact and Aftermath
The snowfall in Jeddah had a significant impact on the city. Traffic was brought to a standstill as roads became impassable. Schools and businesses were closed, and flights were canceled. The accumulation of snow also caused power outages and disrupted water supplies. The snowfall was a major inconvenience for residents, who were not accustomed to such extreme weather conditions. However, the snowfall also brought a sense of excitement and wonder to the city. Residents took to the streets to take pictures and enjoy the rare sight. The snowfall also had a positive impact on the local economy, as tourists flocked to the city to witness the unusual weather phenomenon.
Current Weather
The sun shines brightly in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, illuminating the city with its radiant warmth. The sky is a clear azure expanse, devoid of clouds, allowing the sun’s rays to penetrate the atmosphere unhindered. The temperature has soared to a balmy 28 degrees Celsius, promising a day of pleasant outdoor activities. A gentle breeze whispers through the palm trees, swaying their fronds gracefully and carrying the scent of the sea. Amidst the bustling streets, the sun casts long shadows that dance upon the buildings and sidewalks, creating a vibrant tapestry of light and shadow.
Long-Term Averages
Jeddah experiences a year-round abundance of sunshine, with an average of 3,500 hours per year. The city’s subtropical desert climate is characterized by long, hot summers and short, mild winters. During the summer months, the sun’s intensity reaches its peak, with average temperatures ranging from 26 to 40 degrees Celsius. Even in the cooler months, the sun remains a constant presence, bathing the city in its golden glow. The average humidity levels are low, typically below 50%, ensuring that the heat is generally bearable. The lack of precipitation throughout the year contributes to the city’s arid nature and makes sunglasses and sunscreens indispensable for outdoor activities.
Moonlight in Jeddah
The moonlight in Jeddah, a coastal city in Saudi Arabia, is a mesmerizing sight. As the sun sets, casting a warm glow over the city, the moon rises, illuminating the vast expanse of the Red Sea with a silvery shimmer. The reflection of the moon on the water creates an ethereal ambiance, transforming the cityscape into a surreal landscape.
The moonlight bathes the city’s landmarks in a soft glow, casting intricate shadows and highlighting their architectural details. The King Fahd Fountain, one of the tallest fountains in the world, becomes a majestic silhouette against the moonlit sky. The Al-Balad district, the city’s historic center, takes on a nostalgic charm as the moonlight illuminates its narrow streets and traditional buildings. The King Abdulaziz International Airport, a modern architectural marvel, glistens under the moonlight, reflecting the city’s aspirations and its status as a major international hub.
Seasonal Humidity Patterns
Jeddah, a coastal city on the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia, experiences significant seasonal variations in humidity. During the cooler months from November to April, humidity levels generally remain within a comfortable range of 50-65%. These months offer ideal conditions for outdoor activities and tourism. However, during the sweltering summer months from May to October, humidity levels can soar to oppressive levels, reaching an average of 70-90%. This high humidity combined with soaring temperatures can create a suffocating and uncomfortable environment, making it essential to stay hydrated and seek shade.
Factors Influencing Humidity
Jeddah’s proximity to the Red Sea is a primary contributor to its high humidity levels. The warm waters of the sea evaporate, releasing moisture into the atmosphere. Additionally, the city’s location within the Arabian Desert exacerbates the issue. The dry, arid air of the desert draws moisture from the sea, further increasing humidity levels. Furthermore, the lack of significant rainfall during the summer months prevents the atmosphere from being cleansed of moisture, resulting in persistent high humidity.
Wind Patterns
Jeddah, situated on the western coast of Saudi Arabia, experiences a unique and dynamic wind regime. The city lies in the path of the prevailing northeasterly Shamal winds, which dominate during the summer months from May to September. These strong, dry winds can reach speeds of up to 40 kilometers per hour, bringing with them dust and sand from the nearby desert regions. During this period, the Shamal winds can cause significant visibility issues, particularly during sandstorms, which can lead to disruptions in transportation and outdoor activities.
In contrast, the winter months from October to April witness a shift in the wind patterns. The Shamal winds weaken and give way to southwesterly and westerly winds, known as the Sebro winds. These winds are generally milder and more humid, providing some respite from the harsh summer conditions. The Sebro winds can also bring occasional showers, adding to the seasonal rainfall in Jeddah. However, during certain weather patterns, extreme winds and rainstorms can occur, resulting in localized flooding and disruptions.
The Ideal Season: March to May and September to October
The optimal time to experience Jeddah’s splendor is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to October) months. The weather during these periods is characterized by moderate temperatures, averaging between 20°C (68°F) and 28°C (82°F). The humidity levels are also relatively low, making it comfortable to explore the city’s attractions and engage in outdoor activities without feeling overwhelmed by the heat. The skies are often clear, offering stunning views of the Red Sea and the city’s skyline.
The Off-Season: June to August
The summer months of June to August can be extreme in Jeddah, with temperatures soaring to an average high of 45°C (113°F) and humidity levels reaching uncomfortable levels. Most visitors avoid this off-season due to the oppressive heat, which can make sightseeing and outdoor activities unpleasant. However, if you’re willing to endure the high temperatures, you may encounter fewer crowds and lower accommodation prices during this period.
Solar Energy Potential
Jeddah, situated on the west coast of Saudi Arabia, enjoys abundant sunshine throughout the year. With an average of over 3,000 sunshine hours annually, the city boasts immense potential for solar energy generation. The clear skies and low humidity provide ideal conditions for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, which convert sunlight directly into electricity.
Government Initiatives
The Saudi government recognizes the strategic importance of solar energy as part of its Vision 2030 plan. The National Renewable Energy Program aims to increase the country’s renewable energy capacity to 50% by 2030. In Jeddah, several initiatives have been launched to promote solar energy adoption. These include incentives for residential and commercial installations, as well as large-scale solar projects such as the Al Safra Solar PV Plant, one of the largest in the Middle East. The city is also home to the Prince Abdullah Fiصل University, which conducts research and development in solar energy technologies.
Landforms
Jeddah is located on the Red Sea coast and is surrounded by a relatively flat plain. The city’s topography is characterized by a series of low hills and valleys, with an elevation ranging from sea level to approximately 100 meters above sea level. The most prominent hill in Jeddah is Jabal Mecca, which is located in the southern part of the city and offers panoramic views of the surrounding area.
Coastal Features
The Jeddah coastline is characterized by a series of sandy beaches interspersed with rocky headlands. The beaches are popular for swimming, sunbathing, and fishing. The most famous beach in Jeddah is Al-Hamra Beach, which is located in the northern part of the city and features a wide stretch of white sand. Jeddah is also home to several islands, including Bahri Island, which is located off the coast of the city center and is a popular destination for day trips and picnics.
King Abdulaziz International Airport
King Abdulaziz International Airport (KAIA) is the nearest airport to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, located approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) north of the city center. It is the busiest airport in Saudi Arabia, serving as a major gateway to the country and the wider Middle East region. KAIA features three terminals, with Terminal 1 primarily handling international flights, Terminal 2 serving domestic flights, and Terminal 3 dedicated to low-cost carriers. The airport offers a wide range of amenities, including duty-free shops, restaurants, lounges, and currency exchange services. KAIA is well-connected to Jeddah and other parts of Saudi Arabia through various transportation options, such as taxis, buses, and private cars.
Alternative Airports
While King Abdulaziz International Airport is the closest and most convenient option for travelers flying to Jeddah, there are a few other airports in the vicinity that may offer alternative routes or lower fares.
- Taif Regional Airport (TIF) is located approximately 65 kilometers (40 miles) east of Jeddah, and serves as a regional airport for the city of Taif. While it offers limited flight options compared to KAIA, TIF may be a more convenient option for travelers from Taif or surrounding areas.
- Yanbu Industrial City Airport (YNB) is located approximately 320 kilometers (200 miles) north of Jeddah, and primarily serves the industrial city of Yanbu. It has limited passenger traffic, but may be an option for travelers flying from or to Yanbu.
Culture and History
Jeddah, a metropolis on the Red Sea coast, holds a rich tapestry of cultural and historical heritage. As a gateway city for pilgrims, it boasts a vibrant blend of Islamic and international influences. The UNESCO-listed Old Town, known as Al Balad, showcases ancient architecture, colorful souks, and historical landmarks. The King Abdulaziz Historical Center and the Nassif House Museum provide glimpses into the city’s past. Jeddah is also renowned for its thriving art scene, with galleries and exhibitions showcasing the works of local and global artists.
Economy and Infrastructure
Jeddah is a major economic hub in Saudi Arabia, serving as a primary port for trade and commerce. The city is home to the King Abdullah Financial District, a hub for banking and finance. It’s a thriving business center with skyscrapers, shopping malls, and a diverse industrial sector. Jeddah also boasts excellent infrastructure, including King Abdulaziz International Airport, one of the largest airports in the Middle East. The city has a robust public transportation system, and its extensive road network connects it to major destinations throughout the country.