Ganca Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Azerbaijan

Spring and Summer in Ganja

Spring in Ganja is characterized by mild temperatures and moderate rainfall. Temperatures begin to rise in March, averaging around 12°C (54°F), and continue to increase into April and May. By June, temperatures reach an average high of 26°C (79°F).

Rainfall is generally moderate in spring, with an average of 25-35 mm per month. However, thunderstorms and occasional hailstorms are not uncommon. Summers in Ganja are typically hot and dry. Temperatures soar to an average high of 32°C (90°F) in July and August, with little to no rainfall. The humidity is also relatively low, making the heat more bearable.

Autumn and Winter in Ganja

Autumn in Ganja brings a gradual cooling of temperatures. In September, temperatures average around 21°C (70°F), and by November, they drop to an average of 10°C (50°F). Rainfall increases slightly in autumn, with an average of 35-45 mm per month.

Winter in Ganja is cold and snowy, with average temperatures below 0°C (32°F). January and February are the coldest months, with average lows around -5°C (23°F). Snowfall is common during the winter months, with an average of 20-30 cm (8-12 inches) per month. The humidity is typically low in winter, making the cold feel more severe.

Seasonal Average Temperatures

Ganja experiences marked seasonal variations in average temperature. In the winter months (December to February), the average temperature hovers around 1-3°C (33.8-37.4°F), with occasional dips below freezing. During this time, the city experiences frequent snowfall, creating a picturesque winter landscape.

As spring arrives (March to May), temperatures gradually rise, reaching an average of 10-14°C (50-57.2°F). This period brings with it blooming flowers and a renewed sense of life in the city. Summer (June to August) is Ganca’s warmest season, with average temperatures ranging from 22-27°C (71.6-80.6°F). The dry heat makes for a comfortable outdoor experience, perfect for exploring the city’s architectural wonders.

Annual Average Temperatures

Over the course of the year, the average temperature in Ganca is approximately 12-14°C (53.6-57.2°F). However, this average masks the significant seasonal variations described earlier. The maximum recorded temperature in the city stands at 42°C (107.6°F), while the minimum recorded temperature is -28°C (-18.4°F). These extremes highlight the city’s continental climate, characterized by hot summers and cold winters.

Cloud Coverage in Ganja

Ganja, the second-largest city in Azerbaijan, experiences a variety of cloud cover throughout the year. During the winter months, the sky tends to be overcast, with an average cloud cover of 65%. This is largely due to the prevailing westerly winds, which carry moisture from the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. As a result, Ganja often experiences gray and overcast days during this season. Conversely, during the spring and summer months, the cloud cover decreases significantly, with an average of 40-50% of the sky being visible. This reduction in cloudiness is primarily due to a shift in wind patterns, which bring drier and clearer air to the region.

Types of Clouds in Ganja

The most common type of clouds observed in Ganja is cirrus clouds. These thin, wispy clouds are composed of ice crystals and are often seen in the upper atmosphere. They are typically associated with fair weather and have little impact on visibility. Another common type of cloud in Ganja is cumulus clouds. Cumulus clouds are characterized by their puffy, cotton-like appearance and are often associated with clear or partly cloudy skies. During the summer months, cumulus clouds can develop into larger cumulonimbus clouds, which can produce thunderstorms and heavy rainfall. Finally, stratus clouds are also frequently observed in Ganja. Stratus clouds are low-level, gray clouds that often cover the entire sky, resulting in overcast conditions. They are typically associated with drizzle or light rain and have a tendency to persist for extended periods of time.

Precipitation Patterns:

Ganja, Azerbaijan, experiences a semi-arid climate with moderate precipitation throughout the year. Annual precipitation typically ranges between 300 to 400 millimeters (12-16 inches). The majority of precipitation occurs during the cooler months from October to April, with the wettest months being November and December. Winter precipitation often falls as rain, while snowfall is occasional and usually melts quickly.

Seasonal Variations:

Precipitation in Ganja exhibits pronounced seasonal variations. Summers are relatively dry, with little to no precipitation occurring from June to September. This dryness is due to the influence of the subtropical high-pressure system, which shifts northward during the summer months and suppresses rainfall activity. In contrast, spring and autumn bring moderate precipitation, providing much-needed moisture for vegetation and agriculture.

Average Annual Rainfall

Ganja, Azerbaijan experiences a moderate amount of rainfall throughout the year. On average, the city receives approximately 517 millimeters (20.4 inches) of rainfall annually. The wettest month is April, with an average rainfall of 92 millimeters (3.6 inches). The driest month is August, with an average rainfall of only 16 millimeters (0.6 inches). Rainfall is generally distributed throughout the year, with no significant dry or wet seasons. However, the city does experience occasional periods of heavy rainfall, especially during the spring and fall months.

Climate Influence

The rainfall patterns in Ganja are primarily influenced by its geographic location and climate. Ganja is situated in a transition zone between the temperate and subtropical climates, which results in a wide range of weather conditions throughout the year. The city’s proximity to the Caspian Sea also plays a role in its rainfall patterns. The sea’s influence brings moisture to the region, contributing to the relatively high annual rainfall. Additionally, the surrounding mountains and hills can create orographic lift, further enhancing rainfall in the area.

History and Significance

Snowfall has been a recurring phenomenon in Ganja, Azerbaijan, throughout history. The city’s location at the foot of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains makes it susceptible to cold air masses and precipitation during the winter months. Snowfall often begins in December and can continue until March or April, creating a picturesque landscape. It has played a significant role in the city’s cultural and economic life, influencing local traditions, festivals, and agricultural practices.

Impact on Infrastructure and Daily Life

Snowfall can have a substantial impact on Ganja’s infrastructure and daily life. Heavy snowfall can lead to road closures, power outages, and disruptions to public transportation. The city’s airport, Ganja International Airport, may experience delays or cancellations due to poor visibility. Moreover, freezing temperatures and snow accumulation can cause hazardous conditions for pedestrians and drivers, requiring extra caution during the winter months. Despite these challenges, snowfall also brings joy and excitement to the city, especially among children who enjoy sledding, snowboarding, and building snowmen.

Sunrise and Sunset Times

The timing of sunrise and sunset in Ganca, Azerbaijan varies throughout the year due to the Earth’s tilt and its orbit around the Sun. In the summer months, the days are typically longer, resulting in later sunsets and earlier sunrises. Conversely, in the winter months, the days are shorter, with sunsets occurring sooner and sunrises starting later.

On average, during the summer solstice (around June 21), sunrise in Ganca occurs around 5:00 AM and sunset around 8:30 PM. During the winter solstice (around December 21), sunrise takes place around 7:30 AM and sunset around 5:00 PM. However, it is important to note that these times can vary slightly from year to year.

Sun Exposure and Health

exposure to sunlight has both beneficial and harmful effects on human health. On the one hand, sunlight helps the body produce vitamin D, which is essential for bone health. Exposure to sunlight can also boost mood, improve sleep, and strengthen the immune system.

On the other hand, excessive sun exposure can cause skin damage, including sunburn, premature aging, and an increased risk of skin cancer. It is important to take precautions when spending time outdoors, such as wearing sunscreen, seeking shade, and covering exposed skin.

Crescent Moon Observation

The moon was sighted over Ganja, Azerbaijan, signaling the beginning of the month of Ramadan. The crescent moon, which is a symbol of the Islamic faith, was observed by the naked eye and through telescopes by astronomers and religious authorities. The sighting of the moon marks the commencement of the fasting month, when Muslims abstain from food and drink from sunrise to sunset.

Celebrations and Observances

The first evening of Ramadan is celebrated with special prayers and festivities. Muslims gather in mosques and community centers to perform special prayers and break their fast with a meal known as iftar. The month of Ramadan is considered a time for spiritual reflection, charity, and community building. Many mosques and organizations host special programs and events to cater to the spiritual and social needs of the community during this period. Throughout the month, Muslims engage in acts of devotion and service, such as fasting, reciting the Quran, and performing prayers.

Seasonal Humidity Variations

Humidity levels in Ganja exhibit distinct seasonal variations throughout the year. During the cold winter months, which typically span from December to February, relative humidity remains high, averaging around 75%. This is primarily due to the reduced evaporation rates caused by low temperatures. As spring arrives, temperatures gradually rise, and the relative humidity drops slightly to around 65%. This trend continues into the warm summer months, with humidity levels reaching their lowest point in August, averaging around 55%. This decrease in humidity during summer is attributed to the increased evaporation rates associated with higher temperatures.

Diurnal Humidity Fluctuations

In addition to seasonal variations, Ganja also experiences significant diurnal humidity fluctuations. During the early morning hours, when temperatures are lowest, humidity levels are at their peak. As the sun rises and temperatures increase, the relative humidity gradually decreases. This decrease continues until the late afternoon, when humidity levels reach their minimum. As the sun sets and temperatures drop, humidity levels begin to rise again, reaching their highest point just before sunrise. This diurnal pattern is primarily influenced by temperature variations, which affect the rate of evaporation and atmospheric moisture content.

Wind Patterns in Ganca

Ganja, Azerbaijan is characterized by a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The wind patterns in Ganca vary seasonally. During the summer months (June-August), the prevailing winds blow from the northwest, bringing relatively cool and dry air from the Caspian Sea. These winds help mitigate the extreme heat in Ganca during the summer season.

Wind Speed and Direction

The wind speed in Ganca is generally moderate, with an average annual speed of around 4.5 meters per second (10 mph). However, during the spring and autumn months (March-May and September-November), stronger winds are not uncommon. The strongest winds tend to occur during the winter months (December-February), with gusts of up to 25 meters per second (56 mph) occasionally recorded. The direction of the wind during these periods can vary considerably, but generally blows from the west or northwest.

Spring (April-May):

Spring in Ganja blossoms with life and vibrancy. The city awakens from its winter slumber, and the air fills with the sweet scent of blooming flowers. Temperatures range from 10-20 degrees Celsius, making it pleasant for outdoor exploration. During this time, the city’s parks and gardens burst into color, showcasing a symphony of tulips, daisies, and roses. Visitors can embark on scenic walks along the Ganja River, admiring the blooming greenery that adorns its banks. Spring also brings the Ganja International Music Festival, a three-day celebration featuring renowned musicians and artists from Azerbaijan and neighboring countries.

Autumn (September-October):

Autumn in Ganja captivates with its golden hues and crisp air. Temperatures remain mild, between 10-15 degrees Celsius, providing a perfect backdrop for exploring the historic city. The changing foliage transforms the surroundings into a picturesque landscape, with vibrant shades of amber, orange, and crimson adorning the trees. During this period, the city hosts the traditional “Ashura” festival, a celebration that commemorates the victory of good over evil. Visitors can witness traditional rituals, participate in festive activities, and savor delicious Azerbaijani delicacies prepared for the occasion. The autumn months also offer ideal conditions for hiking in the nearby mountains, providing breathtaking views of the city and its surrounding natural beauty.

Solar Energy Potential

Ganja, Azerbaijan possesses substantial solar energy potential due to its favorable geographic location. The city experiences high levels of solar radiation throughout the year, making it an ideal site for solar energy development. Its annual global horizontal irradiation exceeds 1,700 kWh/m2, which is comparable to other sun-rich regions in the world. The clear skies and low levels of precipitation during the summer months further enhance the suitability of Ganja for solar power generation.

Solar Energy Development

Despite its promising potential, the development of solar energy in Ganja has been limited. Currently, there are only a handful of small-scale solar projects in the city, with a total installed capacity of less than 1 MW. However, the government has recognized the importance of solar energy and has taken steps to promote its adoption. The Azerbaijani government has established various incentives, such as feed-in tariffs and tax exemptions, to encourage private sector investment in solar energy. Moreover, the government is working on developing a national solar energy strategy to accelerate the deployment of solar power in the country, including in Ganja.

Overview

Ganja, known for its historic significance, is situated in western Azerbaijan, within the Kura-Aras Lowland. The city’s topography is characterized by a relatively flat lying landscape, with rolling hills and low-altitude mountains surrounding the urban area. The topography of Ganja gradually slopes towards the Kura River, which flows along the southwestern edge of the city. The elevation within the city limits ranges from approximately 350 meters above sea level to over 400 meters.

Hills and Mountains

The topography of Ganca is influenced by the nearby Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The foothills of the Greater Caucasus extend from the northeast, while the foothills of the Lesser Caucasus stretch from the southwest. The hills and mountains surrounding Ganja are relatively low in altitude, with the highest peaks reaching around 800 meters above sea level. These hills and mountains provide scenic views and offer recreational opportunities for outdoor enthusiasts. The topography of these hills and mountains is characterized by steep slopes, rugged terrain, and various vegetation types, including forests, grasslands, and rocky outcrops.

Ganja International Airport (GYD)

Ganja International Airport is the nearest airport to the city of Ganja, Azerbaijan. It is located approximately 10 kilometers north of the city center and is the second largest airport in Azerbaijan after Heydar Aliyev International Airport in Baku. Ganja International Airport has a single terminal building and serves both domestic and international flights. It is a hub for the low-cost airline Buta Airways and offers direct flights to major cities in Azerbaijan, Russia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. The airport has undergone recent renovations and expansions to accommodate increasing passenger traffic and improve its facilities.

Getting to Ganja from the Airport

There are several options for getting to Ganja city center from the airport. Passengers can take a taxi, which typically costs around 5-10 AZN (Azerbaijani Manat) and takes about 15-20 minutes. Another option is to take the airport shuttle bus, which operates regularly and costs around 2 AZN. The shuttle bus takes about 30 minutes to reach the city center. Additionally, there are several car rental companies at the airport for those who prefer to drive. The airport is well-connected to the city center by major roads and highways.

Historical Significance

Ganja, situated in the northwestern region of Azerbaijan, is a city steeped in a rich and storied history dating back to ancient times. Once known as Ganzak, it flourished under the rule of the Persian Sassanid Empire and later became a major center of trade and culture during the Middle Ages. The Seljuk Turks captured Ganja in the 11th century, establishing it as the capital of the Atabeg State of Azerbaijan and contributing significantly to its architectural and economic prosperity. In the 13th century, the city endured the devastating Mongol invasion, which led to its destruction and subsequent rebuilding under the Ilkhanate dynasty. Over the centuries, Ganja has witnessed the rise and fall of empires, leaving behind a tapestry of historical monuments that evoke its past glory.

Modern Development

In recent decades, Ganja has undergone a remarkable transformation, emerging as a vibrant and modern city that seamlessly blends its historical heritage with contemporary amenities. It is now the second-largest city in Azerbaijan, serving as a major economic, cultural, and educational hub in the region. Ganja is home to numerous universities, research institutions, and museums, which contribute to its intellectual and cultural life. The city boasts a thriving arts and entertainment scene, with theaters, concert halls, and exhibition spaces. Moreover, Ganja has invested heavily in infrastructure development, creating a well-connected network of roads, public transportation systems, and modern public spaces that enhance the quality of life for its residents.