El Geneina Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Sudan

Summer Climate

El Geneina, Sudan experiences extreme summer temperatures, with average highs soaring above 40°C (104°F) from March to September. The scorching sun and relentless heat can make outdoor activities uncomfortable during the day. April and May are the hottest months, with average temperatures reaching 42°C (107.6°F). The scorching heat is accompanied by low humidity, making the air feel dry and oppressive. During the summer months, it is essential to stay hydrated and avoid prolonged exposure to the sun to prevent heatstroke and dehydration.

Winter Climate

In contrast to the scorching summers, El Geneina’s winters are mild and pleasant. From November to February, average temperatures range from 20°C (68°F) to 30°C (86°F), providing a respite from the extreme heat. While January is the coolest month, with average temperatures around 22°C (71.6°F), there is little variation throughout the winter months. The dry season prevails during this time, with minimal rainfall and clear skies. Evenings and nights can be cool, with temperatures dipping below 20°C (68°F), making a light jacket or sweater desirable.

Temperature Profile of El Geneina, Sudan

El Geneina, located in West Darfur, Sudan, experiences extreme temperatures throughout the year. The region is characterized by a hot, dry climate with prolonged periods of high temperatures and low precipitation. The average temperature in El Geneina hovers around 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit), with significant variations across the seasons.

During the winter months from October to March, temperatures tend to be milder, averaging around 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit). December and January are the coolest months, with temperatures dropping to lows of 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit). However, these cooler temperatures are often accompanied by occasional dust storms and winds, known as haboobs, which can bring a sudden drop in temperature and visibility. The haboobs typically occur during the transition from the dry season to the rainy season.

In contrast, the summer months from April to September bring intense heat and scorching temperatures. The average temperature during this period rises to a suffocating 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit), with highs exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit). The heat is particularly oppressive during the months of May and June, when the sun’s rays beat down relentlessly. The scorching temperatures, combined with high levels of humidity, make it difficult for outdoor activities and can lead to heat-related illnesses if precautions are not taken.

Cirrus Clouds in El Geneina, Sudan

El Geneina, the capital city of West Darfur State in Sudan, is characterized by its unique cloud formations. Cirrus clouds are the most prevalent cloud type in the sky above El Geneina. These high-altitude clouds, composed of ice crystals, appear thin and wispy, resembling streaks of white paint across the blue canvas. The cirrus clouds often form in the upper troposphere, between 6,000 and 18,000 meters above sea level. Their presence indicates clear and stable atmospheric conditions, as they are typically associated with fair weather.

Cumulus and Stratocumulus Clouds

In addition to cirrus clouds, El Geneina experiences the occasional presence of cumulus and stratocumulus clouds. Cumulus clouds, puffy and cotton-like in appearance, symbolize fair weather and can indicate slight vertical movement in the atmosphere. They are typically found at lower altitudes, between 2,000 and 8,000 meters above sea level. Stratocumulus clouds, on the other hand, appear as a uniform gray layer with rounded clumps or rolls. They often hover at low altitudes and bring overcast conditions with possible drizzle or light precipitation. These clouds originate in the boundary layer of the atmosphere, where air is turbulent and unstable.

Seasonal Precipitation Patterns

El Geneina, located in western Sudan, exhibits a distinct seasonal precipitation pattern. The city experiences an extended dry season from October to April, with average monthly rainfall below 20 mm. During this period, the region faces little to no precipitation, contributing to the arid conditions that characterize the landscape. Conversely, the wet season spans from May to September, during which El Geneina receives the majority of its annual rainfall. July and August are typically the wettest months, with average rainfall exceeding 100 mm. This seasonal variability is attributed to the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a low-pressure belt that brings moisture and precipitation to the region during the summer months.

Annual Variability and Extreme Events

El Geneina’s annual precipitation exhibits considerable variability, influenced by large-scale climate patterns such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO events can alter the strength and position of the ITCZ, affecting rainfall patterns in Sudan. During El Niño years, rainfall tends to be below average, leading to drought conditions. In contrast, La Niña years often bring increased precipitation and flooding. Additionally, El Geneina is susceptible to extreme rainfall events, which can cause flash floods. These events can have devastating consequences, damaging infrastructure, displacing communities, and affecting livelihoods.

Rainfall Patterns

El Geneina, located in western Sudan, experiences a tropical climate characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The rainy season typically begins in May and lasts until September, with the heaviest rainfall occurring during July and August. During this period, thunderstorms are frequent, bringing intense downpours and high humidity. The average annual rainfall in El Geneina is approximately 500 millimeters (20 inches), which is relatively low compared to other regions of Sudan. However, the rainfall patterns are highly variable, with significant fluctuations from year to year.

Climate Change and Rainfall Variability

Like many other parts of the world, El Geneina is facing the impacts of climate change. Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events have been observed in recent decades. Studies have shown that rainfall variability in El Geneina has increased in recent years, with more frequent droughts and heavy rainfall events. These changes pose significant challenges for the local population, particularly farmers who rely on rainfall for agricultural production. The unpredictable nature of rainfall makes it difficult for them to plan and adapt their farming practices. Additionally, the increased frequency of extreme rainfall events can lead to flooding, which can damage crops, infrastructure, and homes.

Historical Occurrence of Snowfall

Snowfall in El Geneina, Sudan, is an exceedingly rare phenomenon. The city is located in the western region of the country, close to the border with Chad, and is known for its hot, arid climate. The average temperature in El Geneina ranges from 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit) in January to 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) in June. To date, there has been only one recorded instance of snowfall in the city.

Unprecedented Event in 2023

On January 26, 2023, El Geneina witnessed an unprecedented snowfall that left residents astonished. The snowfall began early in the morning and lasted for approximately two hours. The snow fell heavily, covering the ground and rooftops with a thick layer. Residents took to the streets to capture the rare sight, snapping photos and videos of the snow-covered city. The snowfall was not accompanied by any significant change in temperature, and gradually melted away as the day progressed.

Sunrise and Sunset in El Geneina

In El Geneina, the sun rises between 6:00 and 6:30 AM throughout the year. The exact time of sunrise varies slightly depending on the time of year, with the earliest sunrise occurring in June and the latest in December. Similarly, sunset occurs between 6:15 and 6:45 PM, with the earliest sunset in December and the latest in June. The city experiences long daylight hours, with the length of the day ranging from about 12 hours in December to over 13 hours in June.

Sunlight and Weather Conditions

El Geneina enjoys ample sunshine throughout the year. The city receives an average of 8 to 10 hours of sunshine per day, with the highest sunshine hours occurring during the dry season from November to May. During this period, the skies are typically clear and cloudless, providing plenty of opportunities for sunlight exposure. The average temperature in El Geneina ranges from 25°C to 35°C (77°F to 95°F) throughout the year, with the hottest months being April and May. The city experiences high humidity levels during the rainy season from June to October, which can make the heat feel more oppressive.

Moonrise and Moonset Times in El Geneina, Sudan

The moon’s position in the sky changes over the course of a day, and its rise and set times vary depending on location. In El Geneina, Sudan, the moonrise and moonset times can be easily determined using astronomical data.

On average, the moon rises in El Geneina around 6:15 PM and sets around 6:15 AM local time. However, these times can vary slightly throughout the year due to the Earth’s elliptical orbit around the sun and the tilt of its axis. The moon’s rise and set times are essential for planning activities that rely on lunar illumination, such as night photography or stargazing.

Moon Phases in El Geneina, Sudan

The moon goes through different phases as it orbits the Earth. In El Geneina, the moon phases are visible and change gradually over the course of a month. The most common moon phases are the new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent.

The new moon is when the moon is not visible from Earth, as it is between the Earth and the sun. The full moon is when the moon is opposite the sun, and its entire face is illuminated. The other phases show varying degrees of illumination as the moon moves through its orbit. By observing the moon phases in El Geneina, people can keep track of the time and plan activities accordingly.

Annual Humidity Patterns

El Geneina, a city in western Sudan, experiences distinct seasonal variations in humidity levels. During the dry season, which spans from November to April, the humidity remains relatively low, hovering around 20-30%. The lack of precipitation during this period contributes to the dry and arid conditions. However, as the wet season approaches in May, humidity levels begin to rise gradually.

Rainy Season Humidity

From June to October, El Geneina experiences its rainy season, characterized by heavy rainfall and increased humidity. Humidity levels during this period can reach up to 80-90%, creating a humid and oppressive atmosphere. The presence of consistent rainfall and the influx of moisture from the surrounding areas contribute to the high humidity. The combination of heat and humidity can make it uncomfortable and challenging for outdoor activities.

Post-Rainy Season Humidity

Once the rainy season concludes in October, humidity levels gradually decline as temperatures begin to drop. During the post-rainy season, which lasts from November to April, humidity levels typically range between 30-40%. The cooler temperatures and reduced precipitation cause the air to become drier and more comfortable. However, occasional light rains or thunderstorms during this period can lead to temporary spikes in humidity.

El Geneina’s Climate and Wind Patterns

El Geneina, the capital of West Darfur State in Sudan, is characterized by a hot desert climate with extremely high temperatures and low humidity. The city experiences a lengthy dry season that lasts for approximately nine months, from October to June. During this period, the prevailing wind direction is northeasterly, bringing hot and dry air from the Sahara Desert. These winds, known as the Harmattan, can carry fine sand and dust, creating hazy conditions and contributing to the city’s arid environment.

During the short rainy season, which typically occurs from July to September, the wind direction shifts to the southwest, bringing moist and unstable air from the Atlantic Ocean. These winds bring much-needed rainfall to the region, fostering vegetation growth and providing relief from the oppressive heat. The intensity and duration of the rainy season can vary considerably from year to year, and the city is prone to both droughts and flash floods. The combined effects of high temperatures, low humidity, and variable wind patterns make El Geneina a challenging but fascinating place to live and work.

Optimal Season: November to February

El Geneina, nestled in the western region of Sudan, is best visited during the winter months, specifically from November to February. This period offers a delightful respite from the scorching heat that characterizes the rest of the year. Temperatures hover around a pleasant 20-25 degrees Celsius (68-77 degrees Fahrenheit), with minimal humidity. Clear, sunny skies and an invigorating breeze make it an ideal time for outdoor activities and exploration.

Avoid the Rainy Season: May to October

The rainy season in El Geneina, which runs from May to October, brings unpredictable downpours and high humidity. While the landscape transforms into a lush oasis, the incessant rain can hamper outdoor plans and make travel uncomfortable. Roads become impassable, and many tourist attractions are inaccessible during this period. Mosquitoes are also prevalent during this time, increasing the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Therefore, it is advisable to avoid visiting El Geneina during the rainy season to ensure a more enjoyable and hassle-free experience.

Potential and Challenges

El Geneina, the capital of West Darfur in Sudan, boasts ample sunshine throughout the year, making it an ideal location for harnessing solar energy. The availability of vast, unused land and the increasing demand for electricity provide further impetus for solar development. However, the region faces challenges such as the lack of a robust grid infrastructure, limited investment in solar technology, and the need for capacity building to support the adoption and maintenance of solar systems.

Current Initiatives and Future Prospects

Several initiatives are underway to promote solar energy in El Geneina. The government has launched programs to provide subsidies for solar systems and support the installation of solar-powered mini-grids. Private companies are also investing in solar projects, recognizing the potential for clean and affordable electricity. As the technology continues to advance and costs decline, it is anticipated that solar energy will play an increasingly significant role in meeting El Geneina’s energy needs. By addressing the current challenges and investing in solar infrastructure, the region can unlock its immense potential for sustainable energy development.

Geomorphology

El Geneina is situated in the western region of Sudan, within the Wadi Azum Basin. The basin is characterized by a vast and gently undulating plain, formed by the deposition of sediments over millions of years. The plain is broken up by occasional low-lying hills and ridges, as well as numerous ephemeral wadis (seasonal riverbeds). The meandering courses of these wadis are evidence of the area’s past fluvial activity.

Landforms and Features

The El Geneina area is dominated by a prominent landform known as Jebel Marra. This volcanic massif rises abruptly from the surrounding plains, reaching an elevation of over 3,000 meters (9,800 feet). Jebel Marra is a complex geological formation, composed of lava domes, volcanic craters, and deep gorges. The massif forms a striking contrast to the flat plains below and serves as a major landmark in the region.

El Geneina Airport

El Geneina Airport (IATA: EGN, ICAO: HSGN) is the main airport serving El Geneina, Sudan, the capital of West Darfur. It is located about 4 miles (6.5 kilometers) southeast of the city center. The airport has a single runway that is 2,400 meters long and 30 meters wide. It can accommodate small to medium-sized aircraft, such as the Fokker 50 and Boeing 737. There are no scheduled commercial flights to or from El Geneina Airport. However, there are occasional charter flights and flights operated by the United Nations and other humanitarian organizations.

Other nearby airports

The nearest airport with scheduled commercial flights is Nyala Airport (IATA: UYL, ICAO: HSNY), which is located about 145 miles (235 kilometers) east of El Geneina. Nyala Airport has flights to Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, and to other cities in Sudan. There is also an airport in Zalingei, which is about 100 miles (160 kilometers) west of El Geneina. However, this airport is not currently operational.

Geography and Demographics

El Geneina, the capital of West Darfur State in Sudan, is situated in the western part of the country, close to the border with Chad. It covers an area of approximately 30 square kilometers and forms the administrative, commercial, and cultural hub of the region. The city has a diverse population estimated at around 200,000, reflecting the ethnic and cultural mix of West Darfur, including the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa groups.

History and Culture

El Geneina’s history dates back to pre-colonial times, with its origins as a trade center on the trans-Saharan routes. During the 19th century, it was part of the Sultanate of Darfur but later became a stronghold for resistance forces against British colonial rule. The city experienced significant population growth and urbanization in the 20th century due to internal migration and the development of the agricultural sector. El Geneina is known for its vibrant cultural traditions, including music, dance, and traditional crafts. It serves as a gateway to the surrounding national parks, which are home to unique wildlife and ecosystems.