Calama Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Chile

Summer (November – April)

Calama’s summers are hot and dry, with average daily temperatures in the mid-90s Fahrenheit (30s Celsius). Low temperatures can dip down to the mid-60s Fahrenheit (18s Celsius) at night. The humidity is typically low, making the heat more bearable. However, the sun’s intensity is strong, so it’s important to take precautions against sunburn and heatstroke. Rainfall is scarce during the summer, with most months receiving less than 1 inch (25 mm).

Winter (May – October)

Winters in Calama are mild and dry, with average daily temperatures in the mid-70s Fahrenheit (20s Celsius). Nighttime temperatures can drop below freezing, especially in the desert areas outside the city. Humidity levels remain low during the winter, making the cooler temperatures relatively pleasant. However, there can be occasional cold fronts that bring in subfreezing temperatures and precipitation in the form of rain or snow.

Monthly Average Temperatures

Calama, located in northern Chile, experiences a desert climate with hot summers and mild winters. The average temperature throughout the year ranges from a minimum of 12.1°C (53.8°F) in July to a maximum of 24.7°C (76.5°F) in January. The coldest month is July, with average low temperatures dropping to 0.3°C (32.5°F) at night. In contrast, the warmest month is January, with average high temperatures reaching 30.4°C (86.7°F) during the day.

Seasonal Temperature Variations

During the summer months (December to February), Calama experiences extended periods of hot, dry weather with little to no rainfall. The average maximum temperature during this time often exceeds 30°C (86°F). Nights are slightly cooler, with temperatures dipping to around 15°C (59°F). In the winter months (June to August), the temperature drops significantly. Average high temperatures remain around 18°C (64°F) during the day, while nighttime temperatures can fall below 5°C (41°F). Rainfall is also more frequent during these months, although it remains relatively low compared to other regions of Chile.

Cloud Patterns

Calama, Chile, situated in the Atacama Desert, is renowned for its remarkably clear skies and minimal cloud cover. The desert’s unique geography, characterized by towering mountains and the cold Humboldt Current, contributes to the formation of distinct cloud patterns that grace the region’s atmosphere.

During the day, the sun’s heat causes warm air to rise, resulting in the development of convective clouds. These clouds, known as cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds, appear as soft, white puffballs or towering anvil-shaped formations. As the day progresses, they may grow and merge, creating a dramatic spectacle in the sky. At night, as temperatures drop, the moisture in the air condenses and forms stratus clouds. These clouds often cover the sky in a thin, uniform layer, casting a soft, ethereal glow over the surrounding landscape.

Average Precipitation

Calama, Chile experiences an arid climate characterized by extremely low precipitation throughout the year. The average annual rainfall is negligible, with most months receiving less than 1.0 mm of precipitation. The driest months are typically from April to December, during which the precipitation is virtually nonexistent. January and February are slightly wetter, with an average rainfall of around 1.5 mm per month. The highest precipitation occurs in March, with an average of 3.0 mm. However, even during this relatively wet month, the precipitation is sporadic and can vary significantly from year to year.

Precipitation Patterns

Precipitation in Calama is highly variable, and it can be difficult to predict the timing or amount of precipitation. The Atacama Desert, in which Calama is located, is known for its extreme aridity. The cold Humboldt Current along the Pacific coast and the influence of the Andes Mountains contribute to the desert conditions. As a result, precipitation patterns are erratic, and there can be long periods of drought followed by occasional heavy downpours. These downpours, known as “altiplanic” storms, can occur at any time of the year but are most common during the austral summer (December to February). However, they are unpredictable, and it can be several years between these events.

Climate and Geography

Calama, Chile, is renowned for its extreme aridity, with an average annual rainfall of just 0.7 millimeters (0.03 inches). The city is located in the Atacama Desert, which is the driest desert in the world. The region’s precipitation is primarily influenced by the cold Humboldt Current and the high Andes Mountains, which block moisture from reaching the area. As a result, Calama experiences a hyperarid climate, characterized by very high temperatures and low humidity.

Adaptation and Resilience

Despite the extreme conditions, the people of Calama have adapted to the unique climate. The city relies on desalination plants and groundwater to meet its water needs. Local industries have also developed strategies to minimize water consumption and maximize efficiency. For example, the mining industry, which is a major economic driver in the region, employs advanced technologies to reduce water usage in its operations. Additionally, the community has implemented water conservation measures, such as rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation systems, to supplement its limited water supply.

Historical Occurrences and Impacts

Snowfall in Calama, Chile, is a rare occurrence that has been documented only a handful of times in history. The most notable snowfall event occurred in July 1992, when nearly 20 centimeters of snow blanketed the city, bringing life to a standstill. The heavy snow caused widespread power outages, disrupted transportation networks, and led to the closure of schools and businesses. The unusual weather event became a media sensation, attracting national and international attention.

Causes and Characteristics

Snowfall in Calama is attributed to cold weather fronts from the South Pacific that bring moisture and cold air into the region. Due to its geographic location in the desert region of northern Chile, Calama typically experiences arid conditions with warm temperatures. However, when these fronts move through the area, they can create conditions conducive to snowfall, especially at higher elevations. The snowfall is typically characterized by light intensity and ephemeral nature, melting away quickly due to the warm ground temperatures.

Sunlight Hours

Calama, Chile, boasts an abundance of sunshine throughout the year. On average, the city experiences over 3,000 hours of bright sunshine annually, making it one of the sunniest places in Chile. During the summer months (December to February), the days are particularly long and sunny, extending up to 14 hours of daylight. Even during the winter months (June to August), the sun shines for an average of 9 hours per day. This consistent sunshine makes Calama a popular destination for outdoor enthusiasts and those seeking a sunny escape.

UV Index and Sun Safety

Due to its high altitude and proximity to the equator, Calama has a relatively high UV index. The UV index is a measure of the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface from the sun. During the peak hours of the day (10 am to 4 pm), the UV index in Calama can reach extreme levels, especially during the summer months. It is essential to take precautions to protect against excessive sun exposure, such as wearing sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, seeking shade during peak hours, and wearing protective clothing and sunglasses. Calama’s high levels of sunshine also make it ideal for solar energy production, with many homes and businesses utilizing solar panels to harness the abundant sunlight.

Moon Phases in Calama, Chile

The moon’s phases are dictated by the angle at which sunlight reflects off its surface. As the moon orbits Earth, different portions of its illuminated side become visible from our perspective. In Calama, Chile, which lies in the Southern Hemisphere, the phases of the moon appear inverted compared to the Northern Hemisphere. For instance, the full moon occurs when the moon is between Earth and the sun, casting a shadow on Earth. In the Southern Hemisphere, the shadow is projected onto the northern side of the moon, resulting in a full moon that appears upside down.

Lunar Eclipses in Calama, Chile

Lunar eclipses occur when Earth’s shadow falls on the moon. During a total lunar eclipse, the moon is completely hidden within Earth’s umbra, the darkest part of its shadow. In Calama, Chile, lunar eclipses can be observed during the nighttime hours, when the moon is above the horizon. The appearance of the moon during an eclipse depends on the amount of dust and clouds in Earth’s atmosphere. Sometimes, a lunar eclipse can appear red or orange due to the scattering of sunlight through Earth’s atmosphere. This phenomenon is known as a “blood moon.” In addition to total lunar eclipses, Calama can also experience partial and penumbral lunar eclipses.

Seasonal Humidity Patterns

Calama, Chile, experiences distinct seasonal variations in humidity levels. During the summer months (December to February), humidity is typically low, ranging from 20% to 30%, due to the influence of the Atacama Desert. The dry air and clear skies contribute to the region’s arid climate.

In contrast, the winter months (June to August) bring a slight increase in humidity, with levels reaching approximately 40% to 50%. This increase is attributed to the presence of cold fronts and increased precipitation. However, humidity remains relatively low throughout the year, with the average annual humidity hovering around 35%.

Impacts of Low Humidity

The low humidity in Calama has several consequences for the local environment and human health. The dry air can irritate skin, eyes, and respiratory tracts, causing discomfort and potential health issues. Additionally, the lack of moisture in the atmosphere can lead to increased static electricity and dust, which can affect electronic devices and impact air quality. The low humidity also contributes to the risk of wildfires, as dry vegetation is more susceptible to combustion.

Climate Overview

Calama, located in the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile, experiences a unique climate characterized by extreme aridity and high levels of solar radiation. The city lies within the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains, resulting in an extremely dry climate with an annual precipitation of less than 10 millimeters (0.4 inches). Consequently, the region is classified as a hyperarid desert, with the driest conditions on Earth.

The Atacama Desert is the home to the world’s driest desert. The average temperature in Calama is 22.5 degrees Celsius (72.5 degrees Fahrenheit), and temperatures can reach up to 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) during the summer months of January and February. The relative humidity is consistently low throughout the year, averaging around 30%. Precipitation, when it does occur, primarily takes the form of sporadic winter showers.

Spring (September to November):

Spring is an excellent time to visit Calama, Chile, as the weather is generally mild and pleasant. Temperatures range from the mid-60s to mid-70s Fahrenheit (low to mid-20s Celsius), making it ideal for outdoor activities. The Atacama Desert, which surrounds Calama, offers stunning landscapes to explore. During this time, you can enjoy clear skies and low rainfall, providing optimal conditions for stargazing and desert exploration. Additionally, the wildflowers begin to bloom, adding vibrant colors to the arid landscape.

Summer (December to February):

Summer in Calama brings hot and dry conditions, with temperatures soaring into the high 90s Fahrenheit (low 40s Celsius). This time of year is best suited for those who can tolerate the heat and are looking for unique experiences. Due to its high altitude, Calama experiences low humidity, making the heat more bearable. The Atacama Desert transforms into a surreal landscape, with shimmering dunes and vibrant salt flats. You can partake in sandboarding, hike through otherworldly canyons, and visit archaeological sites in relative comfort. However, it’s essential to take precautions against the intense sunlight and potential dehydration.

Abundant Solar Resources

Calama, Chile boasts an extraordinary natural endowment of solar energy due to its exceptional geographical location in the Atacama Desert. This desert is characterized by extremely low humidity, minimal cloud cover, and year-round high levels of solar insolation. As a result, Calama receives approximately 3,200 sunshine hours annually, among the highest in the world. The clear skies and constant sunshine provide an ideal environment for solar energy generation.

Solar Energy Development

The vast solar resources in Calama have ignited significant interest in developing solar power projects. The proximity to the electricity grid and the availability of extensive land suitable for solar installations have attracted both domestic and international investors. Several large-scale solar farms have been constructed in the region, contributing to Chile’s ambitious renewable energy goals. Calama is now home to some of the largest solar photovoltaic (PV) plants in Latin America, including the 316 MW Amanecer Solar Power Plant and the 239 MW Javiera Solar Power Plant. These projects generate substantial clean electricity, diversifying the energy supply and reducing the country’s reliance on fossil fuels.

Elevation and Topography

Calama is situated in the Atacama Desert, an arid region characterized by vast salt flats, sand dunes, and mountain ranges. The city sits at an elevation of approximately 2,260 meters (7,415 feet) above sea level, making it one of the highest cities in Chile. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Andes Mountains, which rise to elevations of over 6,000 meters (19,700 feet) in the nearby region. The terrain around Calama is rugged and mountainous, with steep slopes and narrow valleys.

Geological Features

Calama is located in a geologically active area. The city is situated near the fault lines of the Atacama trench, a subduction zone where the Nazca tectonic plate slides beneath the South American plate. This tectonic activity has resulted in a history of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in the region. The landscape near Calama is dotted with volcanic cones, lava flows, and other geological formations. The city itself is built on a layer of volcanic ash and rock, which contributes to its unique topography. The surrounding mountains are composed of a combination of sedimentary and igneous rocks, creating a complex and varied geological landscape.

El Loa Airport (CJC)

El Loa Airport, also known as Calama Airport, is the closest and most convenient airport to the city of Calama in Chile. It is located approximately 7 kilometers (4 mi) from the city center. The airport serves as a regional hub for the Antofagasta Region and is operated by S.A.C.I. El Loa. It is the main gateway to the Atacama Desert, one of the driest and most captivating deserts in the world.

El Loa Airport serves several domestic and international destinations, primarily within South America. Major airlines such as LATAM Chile, Sky Airline, and JetSmart operate flights to Santiago, Antofagasta, Iquique, and La Paz, Bolivia. The airport also has international connections to Lima, Peru, and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Additionally, charter flights are available to the San Pedro de Atacama region, a popular tourist destination known for its otherworldly landscapes and stargazing opportunities.

History and Culture of Calama

Calama, located in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, possesses a rich history and cultural heritage. The town’s origins can be traced to the indigenous peoples who inhabited the region for centuries. In the 19th century, Calama became a significant mining center, attracting settlers and laborers from across the country. The mining industry left a lasting impact on the town’s economy and culture, with many historical mining sites and monuments preserved as reminders of its past. Today, Calama is a vibrant city with a diverse population, boasting a mix of traditional and modern cultural influences. It is home to several museums, cultural centers, and festivals that showcase the region’s history, art, and music.

Nature and Adventure in the Atacama Desert

Calama is an ideal base for exploring the wonders of the Atacama Desert, one of the driest and most extreme environments on earth. Visitors can embark on guided tours to discover the desert’s unique landscapes, including vast salt flats, towering sand dunes, and colorful rock formations. The desert offers numerous opportunities for adventure, such as sandboarding, paragliding, and mountain biking. Stargazing is also exceptional in Calama thanks to the clear skies and minimal light pollution, making it a popular destination for astronomers and star enthusiasts. Several observatories in the surrounding area offer guided tours and stargazing experiences, showcasing the celestial wonders of the Atacama Desert.