As Sulaymaniyah Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Iraq

Summer:

As Sulaymaniyah experiences hot, dry summers from June to September. Temperatures soar to an average of 35°C (95°F) in July and August, with highs often exceeding 40°C (104°F). Precipitation is scarce during this time, with only a few occasional showers. The intense heat and lack of humidity make the summer season ideal for outdoor activities early in the morning or late in the evening. However, during midday, it is advisable to seek shelter from the scorching sun to avoid heatstroke.

Winter:

In contrast to the scorching summers, the winters in As Sulaymaniyah are cold and wet. From December to March, temperatures drop to an average of 5°C (41°F) in January, with lows frequently dipping below freezing. Snowfall is common during this period, blanketing the city in a picturesque winter wonderland. Precipitation levels are also higher in winter, with occasional heavy rainfall leading to flood warnings. The cold, wet conditions can make it challenging to navigate the city, so it is important to dress warmly and take necessary precautions to stay dry.

Annual Temperature Trends

As Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, experiences a continental climate characterized by hot, dry summers and cold, wet winters. The average annual temperature in the city is approximately 16.5°C (61.7°F). The warmest months are July and August, with average temperatures reaching 33.5°C (92.3°F) and 32.2°C (90.0°F), respectively. The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of 3.7°C (38.7°F).

Seasonal Temperature Variations

During the summer months, temperatures in As Sulaymaniyah can soar well above 40°C (104°F), with little precipitation. In contrast, winters can be harsh, with temperatures often dropping below freezing and frequent snowfall. The city receives an average of 548 mm (21.6 in) of precipitation annually, primarily in the form of rain and snow during the winter and spring months. The average relative humidity is approximately 52%, with lower levels during the summer and higher levels during the winter.

Cloud Cover and Types

As Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, experiences diverse cloud formations throughout the year. During the winter months, low clouds often blanket the city, leading to overcast skies and limited sunlight. Cumulus clouds, characterized by their puffy, white appearance, are common during this season. As spring approaches, the cloud cover typically decreases, allowing for more sunshine. Cumulus clouds remain prevalent, but they are often higher in altitude, providing a picturesque contrast to the blue sky.

Seasonal Variations

In the hot summer months, the cloud cover in As Sulaymaniyah becomes more scattered. Cirrus clouds, made up of ice crystals and appearing as thin, wispy streaks, are frequently observed during this time. Altocumulus clouds, with their layered, grayish-white texture, are also common. As autumn sets in, the cloud cover gradually increases once again. Stratus clouds, responsible for the uniform gray skies often associated with fall, become more prevalent. Additionally, stratocumulus clouds, characterized by their low altitude and rounded shape, add to the overcast conditions during this season.

Annual Precipitation

As Sulaymaniyah experiences a semi-arid climate, characterized by relatively low average annual precipitation. The city typically receives around 500-600 millimeters (20-24 inches) of rain and snowfall combined each year. Precipitation is generally higher during the winter months, from October to May, with December and January being the rainiest. During this period, the city experiences regular rainfall and occasional snowfall. In contrast, the summer months (June-September) are usually hot and dry, with minimal precipitation.

Distribution and Variability

The distribution and variability of precipitation in As Sulaymaniyah can be influenced by various factors, including topography, location, and weather patterns. Due to its higher elevation and proximity to the Zagros Mountains, the city tends to receive more rainfall than the surrounding lowlands. Additionally, the city’s location within a rain shadow zone created by the mountains can contribute to the lower precipitation compared to areas west of the Zagros. Inter-annual variability in precipitation is also common, with some years experiencing above-average rainfall while others may be drier. Prolonged periods of drought or heavy rainfall events can occur and impact water availability and agricultural activities in the region.

Climate and Precipitation Patterns

As Sulaymaniyah experiences a semi-arid climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The city’s annual precipitation averages around 550 millimeters (21.7 inches). Most rainfall occurs during the winter months, from November to May, with January and February being the wettest. During this period, the city receives frequent bouts of precipitation in the form of rain, sleet, or occasionally snow. In contrast, the summer months are typically hot and dry, with little to no rainfall.

Variability and Impacts of Rainfall

The amount of rainfall in As Sulaymaniyah can vary significantly from year to year. In wet years, the city may receive over 800 millimeters (31.5 inches) of precipitation, while in dry years, it may receive less than 300 millimeters (11.8 inches). This variability can have a significant impact on the city’s water resources, agriculture, and overall environmental health. In wet years, the city’s reservoirs are replenished, and farmers have ample water for irrigation. However, in dry years, water shortages can occur, leading to crop losses and other economic difficulties.

Snow-Covered As Sulaymaniyah

As Sulaymaniyah, nestled in the mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan, has been transformed into a winter wonderland as heavy snowfall blankets the city. The streets are adorned with a pristine layer of white, creating a picturesque and serene atmosphere. The city’s iconic landmarks, including the As Sulaymaniyah Citadel, appear ethereal against the snowy backdrop.

Impacts and Precautions

The snowfall has brought joy to many residents, especially children who are eager to build snowmen and engage in winter sports. However, the weather has also posed challenges. Ice and snow have made roads treacherous, slowing down traffic and increasing the risk of accidents. Authorities have advised residents to take precautions, such as reducing driving speeds and clearing sidewalks to ensure safety.

Sunrise and Sunset Times:

In As Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, the sun rises and sets at different times throughout the year due to the Earth’s tilt and its orbit around the sun. Generally, the sun rises earlier and sets later during the summer months (June to August). During the winter months (December to February), the sun rises later and sets earlier. For example, in June, the sun typically rises around 5:00 AM and sets around 7:30 PM, while in December, the sun may rise around 7:30 AM and set around 6:00 PM.

Daylight Hours and Sun Intensity:

As a result of the varying sunrise and sunset times, the number of daylight hours in As Sulaymaniyah also varies throughout the year. In the summer months, the days are longer, with up to about 15 hours of daylight, while in the winter months, the days are shorter, with about 9 hours of daylight. Additionally, the intensity of the sun’s rays varies depending on the time of day and the season. The sun’s rays are strongest during the midday hours and during the summer months, when the sun is at its highest point in the sky. During these times, it is important to take precautions to protect oneself from excessive sun exposure.

Moon Calendar for As Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

The Moon goes through eight phases over a 29.5-day period. Each phase begins at a specific point in time and is associated with distinct characteristics. Moonrise, moonset, new moon, full moon, and other lunar events occur at different times throughout the month, affecting tides, visibility, and traditional cultural practices.

For As Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, the Moon phases for a particular month can be tracked using a lunar calendar. This calendar provides information about the dates and times of each phase, such as the first quarter, third quarter, and full moon. It also shows the Moon’s position in the sky and its illumination percentage. By using this calendar, people can plan activities such as stargazing, night photography, or religious observances that are influenced by the Moon’s phases.

Humidity Overview

As Sulaymaniyah, located in northern Iraq, experiences significant variations in humidity levels throughout the year. The city’s humidity is influenced by its geographical position, with its proximity to the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf contributing to fluctuations. Generally, As Sulaymaniyah has moderate to high humidity levels, with average annual humidity hovering around 55%.

Seasonal Humidity Variations

During the summer months (June to August), humidity levels in As Sulaymaniyah peak, reaching an average of 65%. This is primarily due to the influence of warm and moist air from the Persian Gulf, which bring humidity to the region. Summer nights also tend to be humid, with an average nighttime humidity of around 60%. Conversely, during the winter months (December to February), humidity levels drop significantly, averaging around 45%. The colder temperatures and reduced rainfall contribute to lower moisture levels in the atmosphere.

Wind Patterns in As Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

As Sulaymaniyah, situated in the northeastern region of Iraq, experiences varied wind patterns throughout the year. During the winter months, strong northwesterly winds prevail, bringing cold and dry air from the surrounding mountains. These winds can reach speeds of up to 40 kilometers per hour, creating a harsh and often-chilly environment. Conversely, during the summer months, southwesterly winds dominate, carrying warm and humid air from the Persian Gulf. These winds tend to be gentler, with average speeds ranging from 20 to 30 kilometers per hour, providing some respite from the intense summer heat.

Impact of Wind on Local Life

The prevailing wind patterns in As Sulaymaniyah have a significant impact on the daily lives of its inhabitants. During the winter, the strong northwesterly winds can cause disruptions to transportation, as well as create hazardous conditions for outdoor activities. Moreover, the cold and dry air can exacerbate respiratory issues and increase the risk of illness. In contrast, the southwesterly winds during the summer provide welcome relief from the scorching temperatures, making it more comfortable to engage in outdoor activities. The wind also plays a role in influencing the city’s air quality, as it helps to disperse pollutants and prevent the accumulation of smog.

Spring (March-May):

In spring, As Sulaymaniyah comes alive with vibrant colors and blooming flowers. Temperatures range from a pleasant 10°C to 25°C (50°F to 77°F), ideal for outdoor exploration and picnics in the city’s lush parks and gardens. This season also marks the Nowruz festival, a time for celebrating the arrival of spring with traditional music, dance, and feasts. The mild weather and abundance of nature make spring a perfect time for exploring the surrounding mountains and valleys, including the picturesque Penjween Valley.

Autumn (September-November):

Autumn brings a touch of golden hues and crisp air to As Sulaymaniyah. Temperatures range from 5°C to 20°C (41°F to 68°F), creating a comfortable atmosphere for sightseeing and enjoying the city’s cultural attractions. This season is also known for its harvest festivals, where locals gather to celebrate the bounty of the season. The colors of autumn enhance the architectural beauty of the city’s historic landmarks, making it a particularly photogenic time for exploring its mosques, churches, and ancient citadels.

Potential for Solar Energy

As Sulaymaniyah, Iraq possesses significant potential for solar energy development. The region enjoys an arid climate with high levels of solar radiation throughout the year. This favorable climate makes solar energy a viable and cost-effective option for electricity generation, contributing to the region’s energy security and economic sustainability. With extensive areas of undeveloped land and a growing demand for electricity, As Sulaymaniyah is actively exploring solar energy projects to meet its energy needs.

Initiatives and Developments

The government of Iraq has recognized the potential of solar energy and introduced several incentives to encourage its adoption. These incentives include feed-in tariffs, tax exemptions, and preferential financing for solar energy projects. As a result, several solar energy projects are currently under development in the As Sulaymaniyah region. One notable project is the construction of a 100 MW solar photovoltaic plant, which is expected to generate a significant amount of clean and renewable energy for the region. This project, along with others, demonstrates the commitment of the region to expanding its renewable energy portfolio and reducing its reliance on fossil fuels.

Mountains and Plateaus

As Sulaymaniyah boasts a diverse range of mountainous terrains and elevated plateaus. The Zagros Mountains, an extension of the Iranian Zagros fold belt, dominate the northern and eastern boundaries of the province. These mountains reach heights of up to 3,000 meters and feature rugged peaks and steep slopes. The western and southern parts of As Sulaymaniyah are characterized by the Hamrin Plateau and the Tuz Khurmatu Plateau. These plateaus, with elevations ranging from 500 to 800 meters, provide rolling hills and open vistas. The plateaus are interspersed with deep canyons and gorges formed by the erosion of the surrounding mountains.

Valleys and Rivers

As Sulaymaniyah is traversed by several major valleys and rivers. The Tanjaro Valley, which runs from the northeast to the southwest, is the most significant valley. The Tanjaro River, a tributary of the Lesser Zab River, flows through the valley and provides irrigation for agricultural activities. Other notable valleys include the Darbandikhan Valley and the Qaraghan Valley, which are nestled amidst the Zagros Mountains. The Lesser Zab River, a major tributary of the Tigris River, forms the western border of the province and plays a vital role in shaping the region’s topography.

Sulaimaniyah International Airport (ISU)

Sulaimaniyah International Airport (IATA: ISU, ICAO: ORSU) is the main airport serving the city of Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. It is located approximately 15 kilometers (9 miles) northwest of the city center. The airport has one runway, which is 3,200 meters (10,500 feet) long and 45 meters (148 feet) wide. It can accommodate aircraft up to the size of the Boeing 747.

Sulaimaniyah International Airport is the second busiest airport in Iraq, after Baghdad International Airport. It handles both domestic and international flights. The airport is served by a number of airlines, including Iraqi Airways, Fly Baghdad, and Qatar Airways. There are direct flights to a number of destinations in the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The airport also has a cargo terminal, which handles both domestic and international cargo.

History and Culture

As Sulaymaniyah, located in the northeastern part of Iraq, boasts a rich history and vibrant culture. The city was established in 1784 by the Kurdish Prince, Ibrahim Pasha Baban, and quickly became a cultural hub. Throughout the 19th century, As Sulaymaniyah was a center for Kurdish nationalism and a safe haven for persecuted religious minorities. The city’s unique blend of Kurdish, Arabic, and Persian influences is reflected in its architecture, literature, and music. As Sulaymaniyah is home to prestigious universities and research institutions, making it an important educational and intellectual center.

Modern Development and Economy

In recent years, As Sulaymaniyah has experienced significant economic growth. The city is a major center for trade and industry, particularly in the sectors of construction, textiles, and agriculture. The discovery of oil and gas reserves in the surrounding region has further boosted the local economy. As Sulaymaniyah is also known for its thriving tourism industry, attracting visitors due to its historical landmarks, natural beauty, and cultural attractions. The city has made substantial investments in infrastructure, including the development of new roads, hotels, and entertainment facilities. As a result, As Sulaymaniyah has emerged as a vibrant and prosperous metropolis, while preserving its rich cultural heritage.