Alor Setar Climate & Monthly Temperature Overview – Malaysia

Temperature and Precipitation

Alor Setar experiences a tropical rainforest climate with consistently high temperatures and abundant precipitation throughout the year. Average temperatures range from a high of 32 degrees Celsius (89.6 degrees Fahrenheit) in March to a low of 24 degrees Celsius (75.2 degrees Fahrenheit) in January. Humidity levels are constantly high, averaging around 80%. The city receives an average of 2,400 millimeters (94.5 inches) of rainfall annually, distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. However, the driest months are June and July, and the wettest is November.

Seasonal Variation

While Alor Setar’s climate is relatively stable, there are some seasonal variations. During the monsoon season, from November to February, the city experiences heavy rainfall and occasional thunderstorms. The southwest monsoon brings rain from May to September, while the northeast monsoon brings rain from November to March. During the dry season, from June to September, rainfall is less frequent, and the weather is typically sunny and warm. However, even during the dry season, Alor Setar can experience occasional showers or thunderstorms.

Seasonal Variations of Temperature

Alor Setar experiences a tropical rainforest climate characterized by high temperatures throughout the year. The average annual temperature hovers around 27°C (80.6°F), with little variation between day and night. However, during the northeast monsoon season from November to March, the city experiences slightly cooler temperatures, averaging around 23°C (73.4°F) in the early morning and 32°C (89.6°F) in the afternoon.

Factors Influencing Temperature

The relatively constant temperatures in Alor Setar are primarily due to its proximity to the equator. The equatorial region receives direct sunlight throughout the year, resulting in a consistent warming effect. Additionally, the city’s location near the coast moderates the temperatures, preventing extreme highs or lows. The prevailing northeast monsoon winds further contribute to the cooler temperatures during the monsoon season, bringing moisture from the South China Sea and reducing the overall heat.

Cloud Types in Alor Setar

Alor Setar, the capital city of Kedah, Malaysia, experiences a tropical climate with abundant rainfall throughout the year. The city’s cloud cover is primarily influenced by two main factors: the monsoon winds and local topography. During the southwest monsoon from May to September, Alor Setar experiences frequent cloudy skies as moist winds from the Indian Ocean carry water vapor over the region. These clouds often lead to heavy rainfall and thunderstorms. Conversely, during the northeast monsoon from November to March, drier winds from mainland Asia bring less cloud cover and fewer precipitation events.

Despite the seasonal variations, Alor Setar generally experiences high humidity levels. This humidity, combined with the warm temperatures, creates favorable conditions for the formation of various cloud types. Cumulus clouds, characterized by their white, puffy appearance, are common during the afternoon and often indicate fair weather. Stratus clouds, on the other hand, are flat and gray and typically cover the entire sky during overcast conditions. Cumulonimbus clouds, the towering clouds associated with thunderstorms, are less frequent but can bring heavy rainfall, thunder, and lightning.

Precipitation Patterns

Alor Setar experiences abundant precipitation throughout the year. The city is located in a tropical rainforest climate zone, which is characterized by consistently high temperatures and humidity. As a result, rainfall is frequent and can occur at any time of day or night.

The average annual precipitation in Alor Setar is approximately 2,300 millimeters. However, the city experiences a distinct wet season, which typically runs from April to November. During this period, rainfall is more intense and frequent, often resulting in heavy downpours. In contrast, the dry season, which occurs from December to March, is characterized by less frequent and lighter rainfall.

Seasonal Variability

The seasonal variation in precipitation is primarily driven by the monsoon winds. The southwest monsoon, which blows from the Indian Ocean, brings moisture-laden air to Alor Setar from June to September. This results in the heaviest rainfall of the year, with monthly precipitation often exceeding 300 millimeters. Conversely, the northeast monsoon, which blows from the South China Sea, brings drier air from December to March. As a result, rainfall during this period is typically lighter, with monthly precipitation often below 100 millimeters.

Additionally, Alor Setar’s proximity to the equator contributes to the city’s high precipitation levels. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a region of low atmospheric pressure, often passes over the city, bringing with it clouds and rainfall. This convergence of moisture-rich air masses further enhances precipitation in Alor Setar.

Seasonal Rainfall Patterns

Alor Setar experiences a tropical rainforest climate with abundant rainfall throughout the year. The city’s rainy season coincides with the northeast monsoon from November to March, when heavy rainfall occurs frequently. During this period, monthly rainfall totals can exceed 200 millimeters. The southwest monsoon season, from April to October, brings a slight decrease in rainfall, but the city still receives significant precipitation even during the drier months.

Annual Rainfall Variability

The annual rainfall in Alor Setar varies significantly from year to year. The city’s average annual rainfall is approximately 2,500 millimeters, but rainfall totals can range from as low as 2,000 millimeters to as high as 3,000 millimeters. Factors such as El Niño and La Niña events can influence the city’s rainfall patterns, leading to periods of drought or flooding. Additionally, the city may experience occasional heavy downpours, especially during the monsoon seasons, which can result in localized flooding and potential infrastructure damage.

Historical Significance

Snowfall is an extremely rare occurrence in Malaysia, and its occurrence in the city of Alor Setar in 1920 was an extraordinary event. On December 18, 1920, residents of Alor Setar awoke to a blanket of white covering their city. The snowfall was caused by an unusually cold front that brought Arctic air to the region. The temperature dropped significantly, leading to the formation of snowflakes that drifted gently down from the sky. The snowfall lasted for several hours, creating a surreal winter wonderland in the tropical city.

Scientific Explanation

The snowfall in Alor Setar was a result of a unique combination of meteorological factors. A strong cold front from the north caused a rapid drop in temperature, creating the necessary conditions for snow formation. The presence of moisture-laden clouds and high levels of atmospheric instability further contributed to the development of snowflakes. The relatively low elevation of Alor Setar, just a few meters above sea level, also played a role in the snowfall. This allowed the cold air to reach the ground and remain in contact with the surface for an extended period, allowing snowflakes to form and accumulate.

Sunrise and Sunset Times

In Alor Setar, Malaysia, the timing of sunrise and sunset varies gradually throughout the year. Sunrise typically occurs between 6:30 AM and 7:00 AM, while sunset falls between 6:40 PM and 7:15 PM. The exact timings may shift depending on the season and atmospheric conditions.

Sunlight Hours and Intensity

Alor Setar experiences an average of 10-12 hours of sunlight per day throughout the year. The intensity of sunlight is generally moderate, with occasional periods of haze or cloud cover. During the summer months, the sunlight is more intense, requiring the use of sunscreen and sunglasses for prolonged outdoor activities. Conversely, during the winter months, the sunlight is less intense, providing a more comfortable outdoor experience. The intensity of sunlight also affects the temperature in Alor Setar, with higher levels leading to warmer days.

Moon Phases and Visibility

The moon’s phases and visibility in Alor Setar, Malaysia, vary throughout the month due to the Earth’s orbit around the sun and the moon’s orbit around the Earth. The new moon phase occurs when the moon is located between the Earth and the sun, and the side facing Earth is entirely dark. As the moon moves around Earth, it gradually becomes visible as a crescent shape, waxing towards its first quarter phase, where half of the moon is illuminated.

The full moon phase occurs when the moon is on the opposite side of Earth from the sun, and its entire face is illuminated. The waning moon phase commences, gradually decreasing in size as the moon orbits further around the Earth. The moon’s visibility in Alor Setar is also influenced by weather conditions, with clearer nights providing better viewing opportunities.

Cultural Significance

The moon holds significant cultural importance in Malaysian society, particularly during the Islamic month of Ramadan. The start and end of Ramadan are determined by the sighting of the new moon, marking the beginning and end of the fasting period. The moon is also a popular subject in Malaysian folklore and literature, and its phases are often associated with specific events or beliefs. For example, the appearance of a full moon is believed to bring good luck and abundance, while a new moon is associated with new beginnings.

Seasonal Variations in Humidity

Alor Setar, Malaysia experiences significant seasonal variations in humidity, primarily influenced by the monsoon seasons. During the northeast monsoon from November to March, humidity levels tend to be higher, often exceeding 80%. This period is characterized by frequent rainfall and high moisture content in the atmosphere. Conversely, the southwest monsoon from May to September brings drier conditions, resulting in lower humidity levels that can drop below 60% during peak dry periods.

Diurnal Variations in Humidity

In addition to seasonal variations, humidity in Alor Setar also exhibits diurnal patterns. Typically, humidity is highest in the early morning hours, when temperatures are cooler and condensation occurs. As the day progresses and temperatures rise, humidity levels gradually decrease. During the afternoon, humidity is often at its lowest, reaching values as low as 40-50%. In the evening, humidity begins to rise again as temperatures cool and moisture accumulates in the atmosphere. This diurnal pattern is particularly pronounced during the drier months of the year, when the difference between daytime and nighttime humidity can be significant.

Seasonal Wind Patterns

Alor Setar, located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, experiences distinct seasonal wind patterns. During the Northeast Monsoon from November to March, the prevailing winds blow from the northeast, bringing cool and dry conditions. These winds often result in clear skies and calm seas, making it an ideal time for outdoor activities. In contrast, during the Southwest Monsoon from May to September, the winds shift to the southwest, carrying warm and humid air from the Indian Ocean. This period is characterized by frequent thunderstorms and heavy rainfall, making it more challenging for outdoor pursuits.

Wind Speed and Direction

The average wind speed in Alor Setar is relatively low throughout the year, typically ranging from 5 to 15 kilometers per hour. The winds tend to be strongest during the Southwest Monsoon, with gusts occasionally reaching speeds of over 30 kilometers per hour. The wind direction is primarily determined by the seasonal monsoon patterns, but it can also be influenced by local topography and sea breezes. During the daytime, sea breezes often develop, bringing cooler air from the ocean towards the land. These breezes can provide a refreshing respite from the heat and humidity, especially during the hot summer months.

Best Time to Visit Alor Setar for Favorable Weather

Alor Setar, the capital city of Kedah, Malaysia, experiences a tropical rainforest climate with relatively consistent temperatures throughout the year. However, there are distinct wet and dry seasons to consider when planning a visit. The best time to visit Alor Setar for favorable weather is during the dry season, which typically runs from December to February. During this period, rainfall is minimal, humidity levels are lower, and there is a higher chance of clear skies and sunshine. The average temperature during the dry season ranges from 24 to 32 degrees Celsius (75 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit).

Best Time to Visit Alor Setar for Festivals and Events

If you’re interested in experiencing Alor Setar’s vibrant culture and traditions, consider visiting during one of its many festivals and events. The most popular festival is the Kedah Annual Sports Festival in August, which features a wide range of sporting competitions and cultural performances. Other notable events include the Langkawi International Maritime & Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA) in March, the Alor Setar Food Festival in May, and the Merdeka Day celebrations in August. These events provide a unique opportunity to immerse yourself in local culture and witness traditional Malaysian customs and festivities.

Solar Energy Potential

Alor Setar, Malaysia boasts a favorable location within the equatorial region, receiving abundant solar radiation throughout the year. The city experiences an average of 5.5-6.5 peak sunlight hours per day, making it a prime candidate for solar energy development. Moreover, the area has low cloud cover and minimal atmospheric pollution, further enhancing solar irradiance.

Renewable Energy Goals

The Malaysian government has set ambitious renewable energy targets, aiming to achieve 20% of its total electricity generation from renewable sources by 2025. Solar energy is a key component of this strategy, with the country aiming to install 15 GW of solar capacity by that year. Alor Setar is well-positioned to contribute to this goal, given its abundant solar resources and the presence of dedicated solar parks and rooftop installations. By embracing solar energy, the city can reduce its carbon footprint, enhance energy security, and create jobs in the renewable energy sector.

Flatlands and Wetlands

Alor Setar, the capital of the Malaysian state of Kedah, is predominantly characterized by flatlands and wetlands. The city is situated in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia, bordering the Muda River and its floodplains. The flat terrain extends for several kilometers in all directions, creating vast expanses of agricultural land and natural forest. The wetlands, which include swamps, marshes, and mangrove forests, play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of the region.

Undulating Hills

To the north and west of Alor Setar, the landscape gradually transitions into undulating hills and low mountains. These features are part of the Langkawi Mountain Range, which forms the backbone of the Kedah-Perlis region. The hills are mostly covered with lush vegetation, providing scenic views and a backdrop to the city. They also create microclimates, influencing the local weather patterns and vegetation types. The highest elevation in the vicinity of Alor Setar is Mount Jerai, which stands at 1,276 meters tall and offers panoramic views of the surrounding area.

Sultan Abdul Halim Airport

The nearest airport to Alor Setar, Malaysia, is Sultan Abdul Halim Airport (AOR). Located approximately 11 kilometers (7 miles) southeast of the city center, it is the main airport serving the state of Kedah. The airport has a single runway that can accommodate aircraft up to the size of a Boeing 737.

Sultan Abdul Halim Airport offers a range of domestic flights to destinations within Malaysia, including Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and Langkawi. It also handles a limited number of international flights to neighboring countries such as Thailand and Singapore. The airport is served by several major airlines, including Malaysia Airlines, AirAsia, and Firefly.

History and Heritage

Alor Setar, the capital of Kedah, Malaysia, holds a rich history dating back centuries. Once a thriving port city, Alor Setar played a pivotal role in the Malay Sultanate. Historical landmarks abound in the city center, showcasing its architectural heritage. The Balai Besar, an iconic clock tower built in the early 20th century, stands as a symbol of the city’s past. The Zahir Mosque, with its elegant domes and minarets, is a masterpiece of Indo-Saracenic architecture. The Menara Alor Setar, a modern telecommunication tower, offers panoramic views of the city’s past and present.

Cultural Attractions

Alor Setar offers a vibrant cultural scene with a blend of traditional and contemporary influences. The Kedah State Museum houses an impressive collection of artifacts and exhibits that tell the story of the state’s history and culture. For a glimpse into traditional crafts, visit the Batik House, where skilled artisans create intricate batik designs on fabrics. The Alor Setar City Art Gallery showcases the works of local and national artists, providing insights into the contemporary creative scene. The city also hosts numerous festivals throughout the year, celebrating the diversity of its cultural heritage, including the Royal Kedah Art and Culture Festival and the Kedah Handicraft Bazaar.